黄前库区森林土壤蓄水能力研究

对黄前库区森林主要类型刺槐林和油松林土壤涵蓄降水作用的研究结果表明：森林土壤的渗透性能以刺槐林地最好，阳坡油松林次之，阴坡油松林最差；森林土壤恢复持水，即连续涵蓄降水的能力较强，2h恢复的持水量可相当于20．5～33．2mm的降水；3种森林类型的地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量均表现为阳坡油松林最大，阴坡油松林次之，阳坡刺槐林最小；降雨量越大，地下径流出现的时间越早，高峰期出现的时间越晚；同样降雨量情况下，3种森林类型地下径流和高峰期出现时间均表现为阴坡油松林最晚，阳坡刺槐林次之，阳坡油松林最早。     

苏北海堤防护林冠层截留降水特性研究

对苏北海堤主要防护林类型林冠层降水分配格局及其影响因素的分析结果表明:各林分冠层在降水分配格局方面有较大差异,柳杉林冠层截留率(29.4％)>水杉林(25.7％)>刺槐林(17.5)。透流率则是刺槐林(75.7％)>水杉林(68.2％)>柳杉林(66.0％)。刺槐林和水杉林树干径流率明显高于柳杉林,分别为6.35％、6.1％和4.65％。各林分冠层截留率随降雨量级增大而递减。水杉、刺槐林在落叶期截留率比柳杉林低20％,盛叶期柳杉林与水杉林相近,比刺槐林高10％～15％。另外,在逐步回归分析基础上,筛选出了影响林冠截留的主要降水特性因子,并给出了各林分冠层降水截留量预报模型。     

宁夏六盘山3种针叶林蒸散及其组分特征研究*

为了揭示林分结构对蒸散组分的影响,在2012年5～10月,通过树干液流仪和传统水文学法,对宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林、油松人工林和华山松次生林的蒸散及其组分进行对比分析。结果表明:各林分的蒸散量和组分差异较大,华北落叶松林、华山松林、油松林生长季总蒸散量为568.2、413.2、377.6 mm,分别占同期降水量的112.0%、81.5%和74.5%。3种针叶林的林分蒸散在垂直层次上分配比例相似,但各分量所占比例明显不同。生长季内华北落叶松林、华山松林和油松林的林冠截留量分别为177.2、146.8和115.1 mm,占蒸散总量的31.19%、35.53%、30.48%,这主要是受叶面积指数影响(华山松5.16华北落叶松4.78油松3.66);受林分密度影响,林冠蒸腾量为华北落叶松林(209.8 mm)油松林(152.8 mm)华山松林(88.3 mm);灌木层蒸腾量以华山松林最大(106.9 mm),华北落叶松林次之(26.8 mm),油松林最小(24.7 mm),这与人工林林下灌木盖度较低紧密相关;华北落叶松林和油松林的林下蒸散量分别为154.4 mm、102.3 mm,是天然林的2.17倍和1.44倍,与人工林林下地被物接收到更多太阳辐射有关。可以认为,林分结构是导致人工林蒸散量高于天然林的重要因素,选择合理的树种和林分结构是保持区域水资源安全的关键。     

宁夏六盘山3种针叶林蒸散及其组分特征

为了揭示林分结构对蒸散组分的影响,在2012年5～10月,通过树干液流仪和传统水文学法,对宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林、油松人工林和华山松次生林的蒸散及其组分进行对比分析。结果表明:各林分的蒸散量和组分差异较大,华北落叶松林、华山松林、油松林生长季总蒸散量为568.2、413.2、377.6 mm,分别占同期降水量的112.0%、81.5%和74.5%。3种针叶林的林分蒸散在垂直层次上分配比例相似,但各分量所占比例明显不同。生长季内华北落叶松林、华山松林和油松林的林冠截留量分别为177.2、146.8和115.1 mm,占蒸散总量的31.19%、35.53%、30.48%,这主要是受叶面积指数影响(华山松5.16华北落叶松4.78油松3.66);受林分密度影响,林冠蒸腾量为华北落叶松林(209.8 mm)油松林(152.8 mm)华山松林(88.3 mm);灌木层蒸腾量以华山松林最大(106.9 mm),华北落叶松林次之(26.8 mm),油松林最小(24.7 mm),这与人工林林下灌木盖度较低紧密相关;华北落叶松林和油松林的林下蒸散量分别为154.4 mm、102.3 mm,是天然林的2.17倍和1.44倍,与人工林林下地被物接收到更多太阳辐射有关。可以认为,林分结构是导致人工林蒸散量高于天然林的重要因素,选择合理的树种和林分结构是保持区域水资源安全的关键。     

3种亚高山森林群落林冠截留量及穿透雨量与降雨量的关系

研究了岷江冷杉林、川滇高山栎林及灌竹林等3种典型亚高山森林群落的林冠截留、穿透雨和径流的月动态变化,分析了林冠截留量、穿透雨量与总降雨量的数量关系.结果表明:川滇高山栎林、灌竹林、岷江冷杉林林冠平均截留量分别为278.2,362.1和353.7mm;林冠平均截留率分别占降雨量的35.77%,46.55%和45.47%.岷江冷杉林径流量为5.9mm,仅占降雨量的0.76%.3种群落穿透雨量分别占降雨量的53.77%,53.45%和64.23%.另外,建立了3种群落类型的穿透雨量、林冠截留量与大气降雨量之间的回归模型,用于定量评价该地区亚高山森林的生态水文效应.     

苏南丘陵区麻栎林冠层水文效应及其影响因素

为探讨苏南丘陵区麻栎林生态水文过程及其影响因素,采用定位观测的方法,于2012年4月至9月对麻栎林的降雨分配过程进行了监测研究。结果表明:研究期内,累计降雨量470.7 mm,平均场降雨量10.0 mm,小雨占据降雨事件的绝大部分,频率达到70.21%。穿透雨量、树干径流量、林冠截留量与降雨量呈极显著正相关关系。根据回归模型确定了林冠部分的持水能力和树干持水能力分别为0.87 mm和0.11 mm,形成树干径流的最小雨量为3.42 mm。林冠截留率与降雨量、降雨强度以及空气湿度有显著的负相关关系。小雨量级下,随月平均叶面积指数的增加各月林冠截留率增大。月平均林冠截留率与叶面积指数有极显著的线性关系。林冠平均截留率为20.48%。     

密云水库流域两种典型人工林枯落物持水特性

通过对密云水库流域油松林和林刺槐林枯落物持水能力测定，结果表明：油松林和刺槐林枯落物现存量为分别为7.11和3.62 t·hm^-2，最大持水量分别为8．227和5．605 t·hm^-2，有效持水量分别为1.193和0．261 t·hm^-2。枯落物吸水量与吸水时间表现出很好的对数关系。     

降雨量级和强度对秦岭油松林林冠截留的影响

2006—2008年生长季,以秦岭中山地带主要植被类型天然次生油松林为对象,采用长期定位观测方法,研究不同降雨量级和降雨强度对林冠截留的影响.结果表明,研究区降雨年度差异较大,干湿季表现明显,各月间分配不均,降雨主要集中在每年的5—10月.低雨量级和小雨强降雨事件频发,但占总降雨量的比重较低;高雨强和大雨量级的暴雨、大暴雨时有发生.2006—2008年林冠平均截留率分别为32.9%、33.0%和33.6%,不同年度间变化不大;单次降雨事件间截留率变幅较大,2006—2008年截留率最小值分别为11.0%、11.4%和7.8%,最大值分别为64.4%、72.5%和74.6%.林冠截留是一个动态变化过程,林冠截留率在不同降雨量级和降雨强度下,存在较大的差异.随着降雨量级或降雨强度的增高,截留率呈递减趋势.降雨强度相同时,截留速率随降雨量的增加而降低;降雨量一定时,截留速率随降雨强度的增高而增高.当降雨量足够大时,平均截留速率越高,林冠达到饱和截留量所需时间越短.随着林冠截留量逐渐接近饱和状态,林冠对大气降雨的截留作用逐渐减弱.     

修正Gash模型在兴安落叶松天然林林冠截留中的应用

为验证修正Gash模型在大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松天然林中的适用性,基于2014年4—10月56场降雨,评价兴安落叶松林冠对次降雨、周累积降雨、季节降雨及年降雨截留量的模拟效果。结果表明:观测期内总降雨量为(289.4±1.66)mm,穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别占同期降雨总量的75.44%、2.60%和21.95%。林冠截留量的模拟值与实测值分别为65.17 mm和63.53 mm,相对误差为2.58%; 周累计林冠截留量与实测值的相对误差为2.59%; 春、夏、秋季模拟值与实测值相对误差分别为0.71%、3.62%和0.44%。单次降雨林冠截留量只有在降雨量较小情况下,模拟精度较高; 当降雨量增加到12.23 mm时,模拟精度显著降低。据此表明,修正Gash模型对兴安落叶松天然林林冠截留总量的模拟具有较好的适用性,可为研究该地区森林水分循环和利用提供科学简便的方法。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区中间锦鸡儿的生长特征

在黄土丘陵沟壑区选取4种典型的梁峁沟坡生境(即丘顶、阳坡、阴坡、沟底),研究土壤水分特征和中间锦鸡儿的生长特征.结果表明:4个生境土壤含水量分别为阴坡11.2%,沟底7.31%,丘顶7.14%,阳坡4.66%,显著性分析表明,阴坡含水量显著高于其它生境,阳坡显著低于其它生境,丘顶和沟底含水量差异不显著;土壤水分可利用性由难到易依次为阴坡阳坡丘顶沟底.中间锦鸡儿的地上生物量和总生物量均表现为阳坡最大、丘顶和阴坡次之、沟底最小;不同生境中间锦鸡儿生物量资源分配差异显著,表现为阳坡叶生物量分配最大,沟底茎生物量分配最大,丘顶根生物量分配最大;中间锦鸡儿的根系可塑性强,阳坡根系入土最深,丘顶根系水平分布最广,阴坡根系的垂直和水平生长能力均较强.生长特征分析结果表明:中间锦鸡儿在阳坡的生长优于其它生境,由于根系发达能在以砒砂岩为基质的阴坡生长良好.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.