超低渗透油藏见水微观机理研究

从微观角度和宏观角度研究超低渗透油藏见水微观机理和见水特征。微观角度主要以室内实验为基础,首先通过恒流速和恒压差水驱油实验说明超低渗水驱过程中由于油水两相界面的存在导致的水驱油渗流阻力增加;然后通过渗流阻力分析和动态毛管压力实验研究了储层孔喉结构对水驱能力的影响以及水驱油渗流阻力增加的主要原因,结果表明当润湿相水与非润湿相油形成油水界面时,油水两相界面的阻力却远大于水驱油的毛管压力,会导致局部孔隙吼道被油水界面切断,从而不参与渗流。     

特低渗透油藏动态毛管压力对水驱油效果影响分析

特低渗透油藏油水两相渗流过程中毛管力的动态效应是影响两相渗流机理及水驱油效果的重要因素,掌握其规律有助于提高这一特殊油藏的水驱开发效果。分析了特低渗透油藏油水两相渗流中毛管力的动态效应以及动态毛管力的影响因素,定量研究了动态毛管力对多孔介质油水两相渗流的影响,建立了特低渗透油藏一维水驱油模型和渗流微分方程;并进行了求解。研究了动态毛管力、注水强度、井距等因素对特低渗透油藏水驱油效果的影响。研究结果表明:动态毛管力效应对特低渗油藏的水驱效果影响非常明显,动态毛管力越大,水驱油效果越差;存在一个最佳注入量,在最佳注入量下动态毛管力的影响作用最小,水驱油效果最好;对于特低渗透油藏若井距过大,水驱油效果变差。     

复杂条件下的低渗透油田生产特征

在考虑了启动压力、毛管力、重力等因素的情况下 ,推导了低渗透油田油水两相渗流时含水率和无因次采油、采液指数的数学模型 ,并分析了上述 3种因素在数学模型中的作用。结果表明 ,对于水湿油藏 ,毛管力和启动压力的存在使含水率和无因次采液指数增加 ,重力则使无因次采液指数降低 ,而对含水率的影响与地层倾角有关。 3种因素均对无因次采油指数无影响。在理论分析的基础上 ,对胜利油区大芦湖低渗透油田的含水率和无因次采油、采液指数进行了实例计算 ,进一步验证了理论分析结果的可靠性     

致密-低渗透油藏两相启动压力梯度变化规律

致密-低渗油藏油水两相渗流时存在启动压力梯度,导致基质中剩余油和残余油的驱动非常困难,水驱开采效果普遍较差。为了确定致密-低渗储层两相启动压力梯度变化规律,通过物理模拟方法研究了一维水驱油过程中两相启动压力梯度与平均含水饱和度之间的关系,并分析了两相启动压力梯度的形成原因。结果表明,两相启动压力梯度随平均含水饱和度增大先升高后降低,在油水前缘位于出口端附近时达到最大值;两相启动压力梯度最大值与岩心气测渗透率呈良好的幂函数关系,渗透率越低两相启动压力梯度最大值上升速度越快;同一岩心中两相启动压力梯度远大于原油启动压力梯度。可见致密-低渗油藏水驱过程中两相启动压力梯度随着油水前缘运移先增大后减小,同时油水间毛管力是两相启动压力梯度形成的主要原因。     

复杂条件下的低渗透油田生产特征

在考虑了启动压力、毛管力、重力等因素的情况下，推导了低渗透油田油水两相渗流时含水率和无因次采油、采液指数的数学模型，并分析了上述3种因素在数学模型中的作用。结果表明，对于水湿油藏，毛管力和启动压力的存在使含水率和无因次采液指数增加，重力则使无因次采液指数降低，而对含水率的影响与地层倾角有关。3种因素均对无因次采油指数无影响。在理论分析的基础上，对胜利油区大芦湖低渗透油田的含水率和无因次采油、采液指数进行了实例计算，进一步验证了理论分析结果的可靠性。     

一种计算超低渗储层相对渗透率的新方法

相对渗透率曲线是油藏数值模拟的关键参数。超低渗透储层致密,喉道细小,孔隙结构非常复杂,在水驱油实验过程中,毛管压力作用和末端效应非常显著。在超低渗储层水驱油实验的基础上,首先应用传统的JBN方法(忽略毛管压力的影响)计算相对渗透率,发现其是不适用的。为了克服岩心末端效应的影响,应用X-ray CT扫描技术获得含水饱和度剖面数据;并结合两相饱和度剖面理论,推导了一种计算两相相对渗透率的新方法。结果表明:应用模型计算的相对渗透率曲线能够反映超低渗储层毛管压力大的特征。超低渗透岩心的水相渗透率起初上升很慢,随后快速升高;而油相渗透率下降迅速。研究成果对于超低渗储层两相相对渗透率的计算具有重要意义。     

毛管压力对低渗透油藏渗流规律和开发动态的影响

为了解决低渗透油田生产过程中出现的采液指数随含水饱和度的增加而下降这个理论上难以解释的问题,通过理论推导和现场生产数据的分析。结果表明:低渗透油田的开发动态与高渗透油田的相比具有明显不同的特征,在低渗透油田中,采液指数随含水饱和度的增加而下降,这不符合一般的渗流规律。根据考虑毛管压力时计算相对采液指数和相对采油指数的理论公式,可以发现造成低渗透油田生产井见水后采液指数急剧下降的原因可能是低渗透油藏的储层岩石结构致密,孔喉半径小,毛管压力大,对两相渗流干扰显著,导致油水两相相对渗透率的下降。该成果从机理上解释了低渗透油田中采液指数随含水率的增加而下降这一宏观现象。     

毛管力对油藏水驱特征影响分析

注水开发是油田最主要的开发方式之一。注入水波及面积是影响油藏采收率的重要因素。油藏内注入水流动方向及波及面积与其所受合力的方向及大小有关。国内外学者研究表明，尤其对于低渗透油藏，毛管力对油藏内油水渗流规律的影响不容忽视。本文基于渗流力学理论，利用数值模拟和矢量叠加方法，计算了正韵律正方形储层模型中各网格内流体所受注入水压力、重力和毛管力等作用力合力的大小和方向，实现了储层内任意网格油水渗流作用力的定量表征。数值模拟结果表明，对于亲水正韵律油藏，储层上部渗透率变低使毛管力增大，当毛管力增大到一定程度时，注入水会从下部的高渗透层段向上部的低渗透层段渗流，导致上部低渗层段的水驱效果好于下部储层，在油藏开发后期剩余油主要分布在下部的高渗透层段内。如果油藏渗透率较大，油藏内无毛管力影响时，开发后期剩余油主要分布在上部的低渗透层段内，对下部高渗透层段实施封堵措施，有利于提高油藏采收率。     

裂缝性油藏压裂水平井生产动态模拟研究

研究的低渗裂缝性油藏包括基质、天然裂缝及人工裂缝,根据压裂后流体在各系统的渗流特征,建立了考虑高速非达西、启动压力梯度、毛管压力、重力作用的三重介质三维油水两相渗流数值模型,给出了其数值解法.利用研制的低渗裂缝性油藏压裂水平井生产动态模拟器分析了裂缝及储层参数对生产动态的影响.模拟结果表明,基质中启动压力梯度、人工裂缝...     

低渗储层非线性相渗规律研究

矿场试验和实验表明低渗油藏流体渗流不再符合Darcy公式而是存在明显的非线性,这种非线性效应对单相、多相流体的流动均产生影响。从非线性渗流的形成机理出发,利用恒速压汞技术确立低渗储层喉道分布密度函数,在此基础上,根据毛管模型与边界层理论,建立了低渗储层非线性相渗模型,并结合大庆油田某区块进行了分析研究。结果表明,在非线性渗流压力梯度范围内,地层中压力梯度的增加,储层绝对渗透率逐渐增加、水相渗透率逐渐降低,油相渗透率逐渐升高,油井含水率上升速度降低。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.