非局域双缝双光子干涉的量子局域性理论

设计了一个新的非局域双缝双光子干涉的实验,从局域的量子理论出发,计算得到了与实验现象相一致的理论结果,说明即使光子对是非纠缠的,也可以得到表观为非局域的实验结果。     

关联成像及其应用研究进展

关联成像源于物理学领域的2个具有里程碑意义的事件:一个是20世纪初爱因斯坦-波多尔斯基-罗森佯谬(EPR佯谬)引发的量子非局域性的讨论,另一个是20世纪50年代美国科学家Hanbury Brown和Twiss实验(HBT实验)引发的对光场高阶干涉机理的探索.从20世纪90年代中期因有学者预言"鬼衍射"这一违反直觉和经验的现象而引起学界的广泛兴趣开始,到现今进入实际应用领域,中间已经过四分之一世纪的研究历史.从关联成像的历史起源开始,回顾它的发展历程,介绍其在光学相干和偏振领域、单像素成像、物体的复值获取、超越经典分辨率、X射线衍射成像、激光雷达领域,以及大气湍流环境下的应用,简述关联成像带给这些领域的突破和进展.     

超声光栅

利用激光光源,可以对超声光栅的衍射现象实现大屏幕显示。本文介绍了在基础物理实验室中,对超声光栅衍射现象进行大屏幕显示的实验装置,以及利用这种装置测定透明液体中声速的原理和方法。     

量子成像及其发展与应用

量子成像是基于量子涨落的非局域成像技术,亦称"鬼成像",与传统成像相比,其具有非局域成像、单像素成像、无透镜成像等诸多优点,在高分辨率成像、非相干成像、恶劣条件下成像等方面具有广阔的应用前景。量子成像不限定成像光源必须是纠缠光源,可模拟纠缠光源的角度和空间关联特性的经典光源同样可以实现"量子"成像。量子成像通过两路探测器的符合关联实现最终成像,虽然计算鬼成像(GI)只使用一路单像素桶探测器就完成了量子成像,但其本质上仍是通过桶探测器与SLM之间的符合关联才实现最终成像的。目前,量子成像由于不能记录光源的瞬时强度且成像时间较长,还主要停留在理论实验阶段,距离实际应用尚有较大差距。     

基于量子行走的局域与离域化控制及实验方案

在现有的量子行走实验基础上,进一步提出了在二维量子行走物理装置中的局域化和离域化控制的方案。通过对一维和二维局域化与离域化控制的实验方案的理论分析,引入参数可调的普适投币算符,导出了一般化的量子行走的计算结果,依据理论结果提出了基于集成光波导和光纤装置的可控的安德森效应实验方案。数值仿真实验结果表明量子行走受到电控偏振器控制而出现局域化和离域化现象,验证了所提出设计方案的合理性。     

基于原子模型的非局域连续模型

在传统的连续模型中,本构关系,例如胡克定律、热传导的傅立叶定律是宏观现象的表征.在原子尺度下,传统连续模型具有很大的局限性,其中一个原因就是传统连续模型忽略了原子间相互作用的非局域性.本文在不采用任何经验的本构假设和局部均匀变形假设(如Cauchy-Born假设)的情况下,严格基于原子模型,构造了一个连续模型,将原子间相互作用力的非局域性和非线性性自然地嵌入到模型中.此模型可以有效表现原子尺度的非均匀变形.     

验证爱里斑光强比的实验设计

本文利用夫琅和费圆孔衍射和光电效应现象设计了一套实验装置,用来测定夫琅和费圆孔衍射中爱里斑的光强占整个入射光束光强的比,以下简称爱里斑光强比,以此实验结果验证按波动理论计算的结果(I_爱/I_入=84％)。编写了具体的实验内容及步骤,该实验既体现了光的波动性(衍射),又体现了光的粒子性(光电效应)。     

验证爱里斑光强比的实验设计

本利用夫琅和费圆孔衍射和光电效应现象设计了一套实验装置，用来测定夫琅和费圆孔衍射中爱里斑的光强占整个入射光束光强的比，以下简称爱里斑光强比，以此实验结果验证按波动理论计算的结果(I爱／I入=84％)。编写了具体的实验内容及步骤，该实验既体现了光的波动性(衍射)，又体现了光的粒子性(光电效应)。     

超导膜的临界电流

基于文献[2]所求得的补偿方程和矢势解,研究了T_c附近超导膜的临界电流,特別是討论了两种非局域性——穿透非局域性和尺寸非局域性在超导膜电流效应中的作用。     

非相干光源产生无衍射光束的研究进展

介绍非相干光产生无衍射Bessel光束的方法及研究现状,对比透过轴棱锥和环缝装置产生白光无衍射光,以及小尺寸全光纤装置产生白光无衍射光束的方法.研究表明:采用相干光源和非相干光源都可以产生Bessel光束,也都具有无衍射和自重建的特性;非相干光源产生Bessel光束具有对光源要求低,单个光源可产生多种波长的无衍射光等优点.     

Stimulated emission of polarization-entangled photons

Entangled photon pairs-discrete light quanta that exhibit non-classical correlations-play a crucial role in quantum information science (for example, in demonstrations of quantum non-locality, quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography). At the macroscopic optical-field level non-classical correlations can also be important, as in the case of squeezed light, entangled light beams and teleportation of continuous quantum variables. Here we use stimulated parametric down-conversion to study entangled states of light that bridge the gap between discrete and macroscopic optical quantum correlations. We demonstrate experimentally the onset of laser-like action for entangled photons, through the creation and amplification of the spin-1/2 and spin-1 singlet states consisting of two and four photons, respectively. This entanglement structure holds great promise in quantum information science where there is a strong demand for entangled states of increasing complexity.     

Plasmon-assisted transmission of entangled photons

The state of a two-particle system is said to be entangled when its quantum-mechanical wavefunction cannot be factorized into two single-particle wavefunctions. This leads to one of the strongest counter-intuitive features of quantum mechanics, namely non-locality. Experimental realization of quantum entanglement is relatively easy for photons; a starting photon can spontaneously split into a pair of entangled photons inside a nonlinear crystal. Here we investigate the effects of nanostructured metal optical elements on the properties of entangled photons. To this end, we place optically thick metal films perforated with a periodic array of subwavelength holes in the paths of the two entangled photons. Such arrays convert photons into surface-plasmon waves--optically excited compressive charge density waves--which tunnel through the holes before reradiating as photons at the far side. We address the question of whether the entanglement survives such a conversion process. Our coincidence counting measurements show that it does, so demonstrating that the surface plasmons have a true quantum nature. Focusing one of the photon beams on its array reduces the quality of the entanglement. The propagation of the surface plasmons makes the array effectively act as a 'which way' detector.     

Entanglement of the orbital angular momentum states of photons.

Entangled quantum states are not separable, regardless of the spatial separation of their components. This is a manifestation of an aspect of quantum mechanics known as quantum non-locality. An important consequence of this is that the measurement of the state of one particle in a two-particle entangled state defines the state of the second particle instantaneously, whereas neither particle possesses its own well-defined state before the measurement. Experimental realizations of entanglement have hitherto been restricted to two-state quantum systems, involving, for example, the two orthogonal polarization states of photons. Here we demonstrate entanglement involving the spatial modes of the electromagnetic field carrying orbital angular momentum. As these modes can be used to define an infinitely dimensional discrete Hilbert space, this approach provides a practical route to entanglement that involves many orthogonal quantum states, rather than just two Multi-dimensional entangled states could be of considerable importance in the field of quantum information, enabling, for example, more efficient use of communication channels in quantum cryptography.     

Quantum information processing with atoms and photons

Quantum information processors exploit the quantum features of superposition and entanglement for applications not possible in classical devices, offering the potential for significant improvements in the communication and processing of information. Experimental realization of large-scale quantum information processors remains a long-term vision, as the required nearly pure quantum behaviour is observed only in exotic hardware such as individual laser-cooled atoms and isolated photons. But recent theoretical and experimental advances suggest that cold atoms and individual photons may lead the way towards bigger and better quantum information processors, effectively building mesoscopic versions of 'Schr?dinger's cat' from the bottom up.     

基于量子理论的电子双缝衍射实验

用薛定谔方程求解电子在缝中的衍射波函数,用路径积分方法求解电子在缝外的衍射波函数,最终推导出衍射强度的关系式.理论计算结果和实验测得数据符合相当好,验证了量子理论方法能够精确解释电子的衍射现象.     

Generation of ultraviolet entangled photons in a semiconductor

Entanglement is one of the key features of quantum information and communications technology. The method that has been used most frequently to generate highly entangled pairs of photons is parametric down-conversion. Short-wavelength entangled photons are desirable for generating further entanglement between three or four photons, but it is difficult to use parametric down-conversion to generate suitably energetic entangled photon pairs. One method that is expected to be applicable for the generation of such photons is resonant hyper-parametric scattering (RHPS): a pair of entangled photons is generated in a semiconductor via an electronically resonant third-order nonlinear optical process. Semiconductor-based sources of entangled photons would also be advantageous for practical quantum technologies, but attempts to generate entangled photons in semiconductors have not yet been successful. Here we report experimental evidence for the generation of ultraviolet entangled photon pairs by means of biexciton resonant RHPS in a single crystal of the semiconductor CuCl. We anticipate that our results will open the way to the generation of entangled photons by current injection, analogous to current-driven single photon sources.     

A photonic quantum information interface

Quantum communication requires the transfer of quantum states, or quantum bits of information (qubits), from one place to another. From a fundamental perspective, this allows the distribution of entanglement and the demonstration of quantum non-locality over significant distances. Within the context of applications, quantum cryptography offers a provably secure way to establish a confidential key between distant partners. Photons represent the natural flying qubit carriers for quantum communication, and the presence of telecommunications optical fibres makes the wavelengths of 1,310 nm and 1,550 nm particularly suitable for distribution over long distances. However, qubits encoded into alkaline atoms that absorb and emit at wavelengths around 800 nm have been considered for the storage and processing of quantum information. Hence, future quantum information networks made of telecommunications channels and alkaline memories will require interfaces that enable qubit transfers between these useful wavelengths, while preserving quantum coherence and entanglement. Here we report a demonstration of qubit transfer between photons of wavelength 1,310 nm and 710 nm. The mechanism is a nonlinear up-conversion process, with a success probability of greater than 5 per cent. In the event of a successful qubit transfer, we observe strong two-photon interference between the 710 nm photon and a third photon at 1,550 nm, initially entangled with the 1,310 nm photon, although they never directly interacted. The corresponding fidelity is higher than 98 per cent.     

失谐力光系统中的光子-声子转换和基态冷却

研究由辐射压力引起Fabry-Perot力光腔中动力学行为.从力光系统哈密顿量出发,探讨在失谐条件下力光腔中量子现象.引入散射矩阵方案来论证光子和声子以有效并且可逆方转换.这对于光学光子和微械阵子之间量子态转变提供了一个可行方案.光声转变预着一可行量子光学器件.同我们用量子郎之万方法和主方程方法这两方法推导最声子占有数来研究械振子态冷却,并且对这两方法进行了参数比较.出在么条件下哪方法更实用.     

Observation of the dynamical Casimir effect in a superconducting circuit

One of the most surprising predictions of modern quantum theory is that the vacuum of space is not empty. In fact, quantum theory predicts that it teems with virtual particles flitting in and out of existence. Although initially a curiosity, it was quickly realized that these vacuum fluctuations had measurable consequences--for instance, producing the Lamb shift of atomic spectra and modifying the magnetic moment of the electron. This type of renormalization due to vacuum fluctuations is now central to our understanding of nature. However, these effects provide indirect evidence for the existence of vacuum fluctuations. From early on, it was discussed whether it might be possible to more directly observe the virtual particles that compose the quantum vacuum. Forty years ago, it was suggested that a mirror undergoing relativistic motion could convert virtual photons into directly observable real photons. The phenomenon, later termed the dynamical Casimir effect, has not been demonstrated previously. Here we observe the dynamical Casimir effect in a superconducting circuit consisting of a coplanar transmission line with a tunable electrical length. The rate of change of the electrical length can be made very fast (a substantial fraction of the speed of light) by modulating the inductance of a superconducting quantum interference device at high frequencies (>10 gigahertz). In addition to observing the creation of real photons, we detect two-mode squeezing in the emitted radiation, which is a signature of the quantum character of the generation process.     

量子通信研究的若干问题

1935 年A. Einstein、B. Podolsky 和N. Rosen 三人发表合写文章"量子力学对物理实在的描述是否完备?"该文的局域性原则与他的狭义相对论(SR) 相呼应,但与量子力学(QM) 不一致.1951 年D. Bohm 对EPR 思维作了现代意义上的陈述,实际上启动了量子纠缠态研究.在此基础上,1965 年J. Bell 提出了后来称为Bell 不等式的隐变量理论,而在1981 年-1982 年A. Aspect 做了多个精确实验,结果与Bell 不等式不符,而与QM 一致.因此,双粒子系统中存在QM 预期的奇异相关,其中的超空间(超距) 作用却与EPR 思维矛盾.在后来数十年中,Bell 型实验常盛不衰,互相纠缠的光子间隔由Aspect 时的15m 逐步加大到144km,而在2017 年由中国量子卫星扩展到1200km,十分惊人.EPR 论文的错误对科学研究提供了深刻的教益.近年来量子通信技术的发展,就是建筑在量子非局域性和量子纠缠的基础上的.量子信息学(QIT) 有三个主要研究方向——量子计算、量子通信和量子雷达.量子通信的关键点在于必须有绝对保密性.但这在实际上很难,故迄今不能说这问题已经解决.因此,我们认为在2017 年量子通信才获很大成就.