人类影响引起全球变暖的证据

 按照归因分析的研究方法和工具，综述了近些年有关人类影响引起全球变暖证据的科学研究成果。利用全球气候模式考虑人类影响，采用指纹法检测和归因证实，发现人类影响几乎肯定是引起近百年特别是近50年全球变暖的主因。地球系统5个圈层（大气、海洋、陆地、冰雪、生物）与全球变暖有关的证据，如热浪增加、寒潮减弱、低层大气变暖、陆地和海洋变暖、受海水热膨胀和冰融化引起全球海平面上升、冰雪和永冻土融化加速、海洋酸度增加、植物生长季延长等，都与人类影响有密切联系。     

中国及世界风资源变化研究进展

20世纪以来.随着能源需求成倍增长,风能资源因其安全、清洁、丰富的特性已成为世界上增长最快的能源方式.有关风能资源可持续利用的近地层风和风能资源变化研究也逐渐开展起来.20世纪观测事实研究表明,①全球高纬度地区风速呈增大趋势,而中低纬度地区风速呈减小趋势变化;②中国近50年来年平均风速呈明显的减小趋势变化;⑨中国区域城市化发展、测站迁址及测风仪器的变更都对中国年平均风速的长期变化产生了一定影响,但都不是近50年来中国年平均风速呈显著减小趋势的主因;大气环流的变化才是造成中国年平均风速呈显著减小趋势的最可能原因.与风和风能资源预估相关的研究表明,21世纪由于人为温室气体排放增加和全球变暖,中国年平均和冬季平均风速和风功率密度将可能减小,夏季平均风速和风功率密度的变化不确定性较大.目前,利用气候模式模拟和预估近地层风速方面的研究才刚刚开始.今后还需要做大量和长时间的研究试验,才能得到更可靠的结论.     

1961~2005年南宁灾害性天气气候事件的变化

利用1961～2005年南宁市最高、最低和平均温度资料,分析近50a来南宁市的气温变化特征,通过气候变暖前后灾害性天气气候事件的对比,分析南宁市灾害性天气气候事件的变化规律。结果表明,1961～2005年南宁市年平均气温增温趋势明显,温度变率为0．3C／10a,各季节平均气温均呈上升趋势,秋季增温最明显,冬季次之,夏季位居第三,春季增温最小。年平均最高气温呈较弱的增暖,变率为0．13C／10a,而年平均最低气温的增暖趋势比年平均最高气温明显,为0．36C／10a。年平均日校差的变化则呈递减的趋势,变率为-0．23C／10a。在全球气候增暖和城市化快速发展的过程中,南宁市的灾害性天气气候事件发生了明显的变化：极端强降水有增加趋势,高温天气明显增多,持续高温天气加剧,雷暴和大风日数明显减少,春季低温阴雨天气减少。南宁市灾害性天气气候事件变化的原因可能与全球气候变暖有关,城市化可能是造成南宁市灾害性天气气候事件变化的主要原因。     

迎接气候变化的挑战，促进我国可持续发展

当前,全球气候变暖问题已经引起各界广泛关注。过去的１００多年,地球平均温度上升了０．３～０．６℃。我国北方地表温度也已显著变暖。近９０年来,东北地区冬季温度上升了０．５～１．０℃;华北地区建国以来年平均温度上升１．２℃。在全球变暖的同时,世界一些地区气候出现异常,旱涝和风暴增多。全球变暖还引起海平面上升。过去的１０００里,全球海平面升高了１８厘米,我国沿海一些地方由于地面沉降,海平面相对上升幅度甚至达到１００厘米以上。 研究表明,全球气候变暖的主要原因很可能是人类活动增加了大气温室气体浓度,致使…     

迎接气候变化的挑战,促进我国可持续发展

 当前,全球气候变暖问题已经引起各界广泛关注。过去的１００多年,地球平均温度上升了０．３～０．６℃。我国北方地表温度也已显著变暖。近９０年来,东北地区冬季温度上升了０．５～１．０℃;华北地区建国以来年平均温度上升１．２℃。在全球变暖的同时,世界一些地区气候出现异常,旱涝和风暴增多。全球变暖还引起海平面上升。过去的１０００里,全球海平面升高了１８厘米,我国沿海一些地方由于地面沉降,海平面相对上升幅度甚至达到１００厘米以上。 研究表明,全球气候变暖的主要原因很可能是人类活动增加了大气温室气体浓度,致使大气低层“温室效应”不断加强。     

进入21世纪的气候变化科学--气候变化的事实、影响与对策

近百年来，地球气候正经历一次以全球变暖为主要特征的显著变化，我国的气候变化趋势与全球气候变化的总趋势基本一致。近50年的气候变暖主要是人类使用化石燃料排放的大量二氧化碳等温室气体的增温效应造成的。现有的预测表明，未来50-100年全球和我国的气候将继续向变暖的方向发展。国际上，目前《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》正在就如何减缓这种气候变暖的趋势和控制温室气体排放进行谈判。本文依据IPCC第三次评估报告与国内外最新的研究成果，说明气候变化的事实与未来的可能变化，阐述冰冻圈对气候变化的响应，进而说明气候变化对生态系统和社会经济的影响，分析气候变化给我国带来的挑战和机遇并提出对策建议。     

全球气候变化背景下对“温室效应”的思考

工业革命以来,随着工业化进程的快速推进,人类向大气中的碳排放量也日益加大,而与此同时全球气候短时间尺度上也呈现出变暖的趋势.对此以IPPC(政府间气候变化专门委员会)为代表的学界主流观点认为全球变暖是由温室气体的增加所引起的,并提出积极有效控制碳排放一系列措施,面对此问题各发展中国家和发达国家就碳权排放问题在哥本哈根会议上并未达成共识.就此全球变暖问题以NIPCC(非政府间气候变化专门委员会)为代表的学界也持有不同的观点,认为气候变暖并非是由温室气体增加所引起的.面对这个国际性的热门话题,到底是各国之间政治性的话题还是科学话题,不同学者持有不同的态度.基于前人研究,总结归纳出对"温室效应"引起全球气候变暖新的看法,认为可能过分地夸大了"温室效应",或者完全忽略了"温室效应"的存在,应该"以史为鉴",认识到目前全球气候暖化仅仅是地球演化历史长河中正常波动的短暂片段,就此问题不必"杞人忧天",应该乐观地面对全球气候变暖问题.     

气候变化：证据和原因（2）

 不是的。1997-1998 年的厄尔尼诺现象发生后,1998 年气候变暖较为明显。自那以后,平均地表气温的增加相对于之前的快速增长来说已经放缓。尽管变暖的速度减慢下来,但21 世纪初的气温仍然高于20 世纪90 年代（图1）。地表升温的短期放缓,并不会与人类引起温室气体含量变化将使全球气候长期抬升的解读相悖。     

气候变化对雄安新区城市建设的影响及应对策略

 利用全国近50年气象资料（雄安1974年以来的完整资料）,研究分析了全国尤其是雄安近几十年来的气候变化和气候生态特征。雄安属暖温带半湿润季风气候,气候背景与北京、天津类似。近几十年来,气温、降水等气象要素的变化趋势明显但幅度较弱,年平均气温变化趋势为平均每10年升高0.2℃,高温日数平均每10年增加0.8 d,暴雨日数呈减少趋势,上述要素的变化幅度虽低于全国及周边城市,但均显示出了气候变化对雄安的影响,且极端天气事件也呈增加的趋势,如强降雨重现期缩短,极端强降雨量明显增大等,这与IPCC（联合国气候变化政府间专门委员会）的报告和中国大部地区趋势一致。结合灾害历史资料分析和气候模式预测,指出在全球气候变暖背景下,雄安新区在发展中将面临气候变化背景下增加的气象灾害和气候风险,进而给出了相关城市建设的建议。     

新疆气候转型及其对全球变化的影响

随着全球变暖趋势的发展，新疆气候也发生着相应转变，主要表现在：气温上升；降水增加；冰川消融；河川径流增加；湖泊水位上升，面积扩大；洪水灾害频繁；沙土暴天气减少；土壤盐渍化趋势加重等。气候转型的原因可能是，空气中水汽增加和有利的天气形势；全球显变暖驱动水循环加快。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to