Physiological response of natural plants to the change of groundwater level in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Based on the analysis of the three-year (2000-2002) monitoring data of the four times intermittent stream water conveyance to the lower reaches of Tarim River where the stream flow was dried up for more than 30 years and the measurement of PRO, SOD and POD in plants collected from 24 vegetation plots, it is concluded that the stream water conveyance plays an important role in lifting groundwater level. The groundwater nearby the watercourse was raised from 5～8 m in depth before the stream water conveyance to 2.5～5 m after stream water conveyance. The physiological response of Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica to the change of groundwater is sensitive and represents a grads change obviously. The growth of the plants in the lower reaches of Tarim River is stressed by drought to various degrees. Lengthways, the drought stress exposed to the plants increases with groundwater depth from the upper sections to the lower sections; and breadthwise, the drought stress exposed to the plants is increased with the increase of distance away from the river channel of stream intermittent water releases and of the groundwater depth. Combining the field investigation and the analysis of the plots, it is considered that the stress groundwater depths for the Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica are 3.5 m, 5 m and 4.5 m respectively.     

5种浮床植物在水环境恢复治理中的净化差异

选取美人蕉(Canna indica)、芦苇(Phragmites communis Trirn)、水葱(Scirpus validus Vahl)、凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipe)水芹菜(Oenanthe javanica)5种珠海当地常见植物作为研究对象,构建珠海珠武涌水体富营养化治理生态浮床,对5种植物在富营养化水体中的生长特性,化学需氧量(COD),氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)质量浓度等指标间的差异进行比较研究.结果表明,株高从大至小排序为:水葱、芦苇、美人蕉、水芹菜、凤眼莲;质量增加从大至小排序为:芦苇、美人蕉、凤眼莲、水芹菜、水葱;根毛增长从大至小排序为:芦苇、水葱、水芹菜、美人蕉、凤眼莲.5种植物对水体中的COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的吸收能力差异显著,单位面积COD去除率高低排序为美人蕉、凤眼莲、芦苇、水葱、水芹菜;单位面积NH3-N去除率高低排序为美人蕉、芦苇、凤眼莲、水葱、水芹菜;单位面积氮吸收量大小排序和单位面积磷吸收量大小排序都为美人蕉、凤眼莲、芦苇、水芹菜、水葱.综合实验结果,确定采用美人蕉为主,芦苇为辅,再加上少量水葱、水芹菜作衬托来净化河涌水体.     

Physiological response of Tamarix ramosissima under water stress along the lower reaches of Tarim River

Tarim River within the boundaries of Xinjiang is the longest inland river in China and its overall length is 2300 km (the main stream is 1321 km). Because of the increasing population in the region and large-scale ex- ploitation of water and soil resource…     

崇明东滩芦苇的生态特征及其演替过程的分析

2002年12月~2003年12月,分别在春夏秋冬四个季节对上海市崇明东滩98堤外及堤内湿地恢复生态示范区的芦苇群落的生态特征进行了调查.结果表明,芦苇是本湿地恢复生态示范区中的主要组成种,其盖度达到70％,密度最大为211.83支/m²,最高生物量为1 783.8g/m²,是初级生产力的主要组成部分.在2003年6月以后由于湿地生态示范区内鱼塘水被放干,碱篷和结缕草侵入,群落进入陆生演替阶段.并对湿地恢复和重建工程中人为干扰所造成植物群落的陆生演替进行了主成分分析,证明本地的湿地环境一旦陆化以后植物群落的演替十分迅速,据此我们为生态示范区的植物群落管理措施提出技术性的建议.     

黑河下游荒漠河岸林植物水分传输观测试验研究

荒漠河岸林是长期适应干旱区内陆河流域环境的产物,具有独特的水分利用和生存策略.对黑河下游胡杨、柽柳等主要荒漠河岸林植物液流、水势、木质部导水率、根系水分再分配以及植物水分来源等的测试分析表明,在降水稀少、蒸发强烈的黑河下游,胡杨、柽柳主要利用的是深层土壤水和地下水,其中成熟胡杨主要吸收地下175~325cm处土壤水和地下水供其蒸腾和生存所需;胡杨根系水力提升过程主要发生在10~70cm土层,蒸散导致的土壤耗水量中有10%来自根系提升的水量;植物根和枝条木质部的初始导水率(K_(s0))和最大导水率(K_(s,max))相对较高,其中柽柳木质部的潜在导水能力比胡杨强;胡杨、柽柳液流速度呈单峰型,在午后达到峰值,黎明前水势无显著变化,反映未受到严重水分胁迫;黑河下游河道附近的地下水埋深大多在4m以内,基本可以满足荒漠河岸林植物的生长发育,黑河下游荒漠河岸林生态系统处于稳定和发展状态.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infection in desert riparian forest and its environmental implications: A case study in the lower reach of Tarim River

This study was conducted on the desert riparian forest along the lower reach of the inland Tarim River, which is located in the arid region of Northwest China. Fifteen plant species in 10 families were collected from five monitoring sections, and examined for the infection ofarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF）. The impact of different soil factors on AMF infection rate and intensity was compared using the principal component analysis （PCA） method. The results indicate that 11 species are AM and only 4 are non-AM plants. The estimated capacity of AMF infection depends on families of plants and also the parameters （infection rate, infection intensity, fungal spore density） used. The density of fungal spores was relatively higher in Phragmites communis and Populus euphratica in Graminaceae and Salicaceae families, respectively. The infection rate was above 50% in all the AM plants, except Calligonumjunceum. The highest infection rate appeared in Alhagi sparsifolia （97%） and Glycyrrhizainflata （92%）. However, when compared by AMF infection intensity, Tamarix spp. became the top one, followed by Alhagi sparsifolia, and Glycyrrhiza inflata was in the middle range of all the species. The PCA has identified that soil total salt, moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen, total P, available K and pH were closely associated with the AMF infection.     

新疆准噶尔盆地南缘不同生境下的梭梭和柽柳生理生态特性

以在新疆准噶尔盆地南缘自然荒漠区、自然人工交错带、人工种植区等3种不同生境类型下的梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bge)和柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Ldb)为研究对象,测定植物叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)3种保护酶活性,研究不同生境下梭梭和柽柳的生理生态特性,为准噶尔盆地南缘植被的恢复与重建提供理论依据。结果表明,自然荒漠区和人工种植区的柽柳和梭梭丙二醛含量较多,保护酶活性较高。而自然人工交错带上的植株相对于上述2种样地,丙二醛含量和保护酶活性都较低。结合野外调查和数据分析表明梭梭比柽柳具有更强的耐旱性。     

两种生态型芦苇胚性愈伤组织耐热性的比较

研究两种生态型芦苇沙丘芦苇和沼泽芦苇的胚性愈伤组织对高温胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,高温胁迫下,两种芦苇均表现出脱水、生长受抑、细胞活力降低、膜透性增加、MDA积累。与沼泽芦苇相比,沙丘芦苇在高温胁迫下能够保持较高的细胞活力,但生长受抑、脱水、离子渗漏和膜脂过氧化的程度显著低于沼泽芦苇。沙丘芦苇比沼泽芦苇更为耐热。     

白洋淀水生植被

白洋淀１９８８年重新蓄水后，水生植物区系组成已完全恢复。现有维管束植物４８种，隶属２１科３３属。芦苇、莲、马来眼子菜、菹草、轮叶黑藻、水鳖和紫萍为优势种。植被类型可划分为挺水植被、浮叶植被、漂浮植被和沉水植被四个亚型，包括１６个主要植物群丛。芦苇群落分布广泛，面积最大，是白洋淀的景观植物群落。     

垃圾填埋场人造湿地植物和土壤主要特性

 通过对瓦房店生活垃圾填埋场人造湿地中的芦苇、野大豆、水稻、酸模和艾草等主要植物及土壤进行研究,测定植物覆盖度、生物量、氮含量和土壤粒径组成、不同粒径和不同区土壤氮和碳含量,确定环境适应能力强、覆盖度高、根系发达和含氮量低的植物,作为人造湿地建成初期重点栽培的湿地植物,以便待湿地维护调理成熟后,将其用于处理垃圾渗滤液;分析湿地未处理污水的土壤相关性状,为污水处理方案的设计提供参数。结果表明,① 酸模、芦苇和艾草的覆盖度、茎叶和根生物量显著高于其他植物（P<0.05）;② 0~0.2、0.2~0.9和0.9~4.0mm粒径土壤的质量分数分别为4.59%、19.00%和36.18%;③ 0.9~4.0mm粒径土壤氮和碳含量显著低于其他两种粒径土壤（P<0.05）;④ 芦苇区土壤氮和碳含量显著高于其他区土壤（P<0.05）。由此得出结论,酸模、芦苇和艾草可作为人造湿地处理污水的主要植物;0.9~4.0mm粒径土壤应是该湿地基质中用于处理污水的重要组成部分;芦苇对土壤中氮和碳的吸收量不高,应与相关植物混种,以达到较好的处理效果。     

结合叶绿体基因matK/trnK序列和生境分析不同生态型芦苇的系统发育

以甘肃省临泽县境内的4种生态型芦苇(Phragmites communis Trin.)的18个样品为材料,采用PCR扩增技术,以通用引物"matK-FF74"和"matK-trnK-2R"扩增matK/trnK序列,对纯化后的产物进行序列测定和分析.序列比对软件为Chistal W,系统发育软件分析为PAUP4b10并用以构建MP和ML发育树和计算遗传距离,外群为芦竹(Arundo donax).结果表明:matK/trnK序列长为1745～1753 bp,含有91个简约信息位点和120个可变位点,获得3个严格一致树.MP树和ML树共同说明水生芦苇是最古老的类群,它与沙丘芦苇之间的遗传距离最远,重度盐渍过渡型芦苇和轻度盐渍过渡型芦苇属于中间过渡类群.     

黄河三角洲自然保护区植物与土壤因子关系及生态位分析

以黄河三角洲自然保护区36个样地22个植物种的重要值(IV)为基础, 使用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)将其分为6个群落类型: 翅碱蓬群落、柽柳?翅碱蓬群落、柽柳?芦苇+碱蓬群落、芦苇群落、旱柳?芦苇群落、人工林群落(刺槐林和白腊林)。在群落演替梯度上, 土壤pH逐渐增加, 土壤盐分呈下降趋势, 土壤含水量最大和最小值分别出现在芦苇群落和人工林群落, 土壤有机碳和总氮总体逐渐增加, 土壤碳氮比呈下降趋势。通过典范对应分析(CCA)发现, 影响黄河三角洲植物种分布的关键土壤环境因子是土壤盐分和pH, 植物物种多样性与土壤盐分呈显著负相关, 与土壤pH有正相关关系。在土壤pH和盐分梯度上的生态 位分析发现, 优势种柽柳、芦苇和翅碱蓬的生态位宽度较大, 植物种之间的生态位重叠一般较小, 说明物种在土壤pH和盐分梯度上出现了生态位分化。     

Red deer stocks in the Highlands of Scotland

Grazing by hill sheep and red deer prevents the regeneration of woodland in many parts of the Scottish Highlands and has also led to extensive loss of heather cover. Conservation bodies claim that there has been a rapid rise in Highland deer numbers caused by inadequate management and that these need to be drastically reduced. Here we show that the recent increase in red deer stocks has probably been overestimated and suggest that the gradual rise in numbers since 1970 may be a consequence of a reduction in sheep stocks and of changes in winter weather, rather than of a reduction in culling rate. Although there would be environmental benefits in reducing deer numbers, there is an equal need to reduce the numbers of hill sheep in many parts of the Highlands.     

芦苇与土壤间氮磷化学计量的灰色关联分析

多数水生植物对于湿地土壤中氮磷元素的固持起着至关重要的作用。为了明晰芦苇与土壤间氮磷元素的关系,笔者利用灰色关联分析方法,对溱湖湿地芦苇各器官氮磷含量、季节动态及其与各土层氮磷含量之间的关联度进行了研究。结果表明:①芦苇各器官氮磷元素含量规律基本相同,即总氮含量叶>穗>根>茎,总磷含量叶>根>穗>茎; ②由于芦苇根系的垂直分布特征,溱湖湿地芦苇与土壤氮磷元素交互关联主要集中在0～30 cm土层,说明土壤-植被系统固持水体营养元素过程主要集中在表层土壤中; ③植物生长相对旺盛的春、夏季,土壤-植被系统氮磷元素交互作用主要出现在土壤表层,同时由于地下水位上升,≥45～60 cm土层也会对芦苇氮磷含量产生重要影响。     

应用E_2P_4浓度比判断雌性多浪绵羊和塔里木马鹿血浆P_4含量的波动

为了找出能够准确反映雌性哺乳动物体内血浆孕酮(P4)波动的检测方法,实验以多浪绵羊和塔里木马鹿为实验动物,分别对其发情周期各阶段的血液样本外周血雌二醇(E2),P4与促黄体生成素(LH)含量进行了放射免疫分析(RIA)测定。发现,应用E2 P4比值比传统的方法更能准确反映雌性哺乳动物体内血浆孕酮含量的波动情况。     

额济纳旗柽柳气体交换与水分利用效率日变化研究

对柽柳的若干生理、生态学特性进行初步研究.用LI-6400便携式气体分析系统对内蒙古额济纳旗七道桥＂天然胡杨林自然保护区＂内自然状态下柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb）的净光合速率、蒸腾作用、水分利用效率及相应环境因子进行测定.结果表明,柽柳净光合速率日变化曲线呈双峰型,蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,水分利用效率最高值出现在上午时分.根据光合作用的气孔限制与非气孔限制两个标准,柽柳从11：00开始光合速率下降主要由气孔因素引起,14：00之后光合速率下降主要由非气孔因素引起,即主要由叶肉细胞的光合活性降低造成.     

鄱阳湖秋季洲滩植物种类结构分析

鄱阳湖洲滩植物面积在鄱阳湖占很大比例,在维持鄱阳湖生态系统稳定上发挥着重要作用。本次调查选择鄱阳湖有代表性的蚌湖作为研究对象,对秋季洲滩植物群丛结构、分布范围、生物量等进行了调查,通过与历史调查数据的对比,发现鄱阳湖洲滩植物在过去的45年中,特别是近15年生物量下降趋势明显;曾为鄱阳湖洲滩优势种的芦苇、南荻在洲滩的分布范围严重萎缩,且生物量下降明显。     

异质生境芦苇叶片的生长规律

对沈阳丁香湖湿地和武汉湿地芦苇的叶片生物量和生长规律进行比较分析.结果表明,沈阳湿地芦苇叶宽与叶长、叶长与叶重、叶宽与叶重之间的生长关系均呈现幂函数的变化规律,达到极显著相关.武汉湿地芦苇叶宽与叶重间生长关系呈线性函数规律,达到极显著相关水平.武汉地区芦苇叶重大于沈阳湿地样本.沈阳地区芦苇叶长和叶宽都大于武汉地区芦苇样本,说明沈阳和武汉湿地芦苇叶片生长具有明显的生态可塑性,沈阳地区芦苇叶片长度、宽度、重量等特性的生长为异速生长,而武汉地区芦苇叶片特性为同速生长.本研究为深入了解植物叶片生长规律提供了依据.     

人工养麝现状及发展前景

麝为我国重要的资源动物,野生麝资源的锐减使人工养麝成为提供天然麝香的惟一有效途径．简述了麝的经济价值、麝香种类、化学成分和人工养麝历史背景,分析了人工养殖现状和存在问题,提出了今后养麝业发展方向．     

Nonlinear effects of large-scale climatic variability on wild and domestic herbivores

Large-scale climatic fluctuations, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), have been shown to affect many ecological processes. Such effects have been typically assumed to be linear. Only one study has reported a nonlinear relation; however, that nonlinear relation was monotonic (that is, no reversal). Here we show that there is a strong nonlinear and non-monotonic (that is, reversed) effect of the NAO on body weight during the subsequent autumn for 23,838 individual wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) and 139,485 individual domestic sheep (Ovis aries) sampled over several decades on the west coast of Norway. These relationships are, at least in part, explained by comparable nonlinear and non-monotonic relations between the NAO and local climatic variables (temperature, precipitation and snow depth). The similar patterns observed for red deer and sheep, the latter of which live indoors during winter and so experience a stable energy supply in winter, suggest that the (winter) climatic variability (for which the index is a proxy) must influence the summer foraging conditions directly or indirectly.