海底天然气水合物绞吸式开采方法研究

 根据海底天然气水合物藏特点,结合绞吸式挖泥船工作原理和大洋多金属结核开采技术,提出了一种全新的绞吸式海底天然气水合物开采方法,克服了海底天然气水合物开采依赖构筑封闭开采环境的技术瓶颈;然后根据管道输送原理和两相流理论,对绞吸式开采方法的提升系统进行了水力参数分析。由分析结果可知,将体积浓度为15%~25%天然气水合物流体从1 000 m海底提升到海面所需泵的扬程为30~50 m;将体积浓度为10%~20%天然气水合物流体从4 000 m海底提升到海面所需扬程为90~150 m,现有的矿浆泵就能满足要求;由于天然气水合物和海底沉积物硬度较低,并且其混合流体的密度与海水密度相差不大,采用矿浆泵进行直接输送其对泵的磨损不会严重,能保证系统长期稳定的工作,证明了该开采方法在理论上是可行的。     

单泵与储料罐组合的深海采矿输送设备

根据软管采矿系统对输送设备的要求,研究出由储料罐与高压水泵组合而成的新的输送设备,其原理为:首先采用高压水泵对海水加压,然后采用储料罐将矿石加入到高压水中,通过高压水将矿石从海底输送到海面.根据两相流理论和Bernoulli方程,建立了储料罐与高压水泵组合输送的水力输送设备的设计理论体系.对输送系统的参数进行计算分析可知,对于矿石体积分数为7%～12%的流体,1 000 m深海采矿中试输送系统的水泵扬程为100～150 m,3 000 m深海采矿输送系统的水泵扬程为400～450 m.由储料罐与高压水泵组合而成的矿石输送系统简单,避免了矿石颗粒与水泵直接磨损,适用于深海采矿软管输送系统.     

基于结构化网格的两级矿浆泵数值模拟分析

为了研究深海采矿两级矿浆泵泵内固液流体流动规律及工作性能,采用计算流体动力学软件CFD对两级矿浆泵泵内的固液两相湍流进行了数值模拟和性能预测.阐述了矿浆泵计算流道区域的拓扑块划分方法和结构化网格生成方法;采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型和多参考坐标系,进行全三维流场数值模拟,分析了矿浆泵内流场的压力分布、流速分布和湍动能分布,进而计算出不同颗粒属性的泵的特性曲线.研究表明,颗粒属性对矿浆泵工作性能有重要影响,在颗粒体积分数相同的条件下,泵的扬程和效率均随颗粒粒径的减小而增大.颗粒的体积分数适宜控制在5%~10%左右.     

深海采矿矿浆泵内转速对固液两相流影响分析

为分析转速对深海采矿矿浆泵固液两相流的影响,文章采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型,运用Fluent软件对矿浆泵内固液两相流进行了数值模拟;比较了不同的转速对矿浆泵内压力分布、颗粒体积分数分布以及工作性能的影响;最后,矿浆泵在多种转速下进行试验,结果验证了数值模拟方法的准确性。研究结果表明:转速越大,叶轮对混合流体做功的有效性越好,混合浆体总压呈现大幅度上升,扬程也越大;不同转速工况下,平均颗粒体积分数值在叶片吸力面与压力面上的差异不大,说明叶片吸力面与压力面的磨损程度差异不大,并且导叶表面颗粒体积分数分布受转速的影响较轻。     

深海采矿高扬程粗颗粒多级输送电泵研究

针对扬矿电泵高扬程、粗颗粒过流及轴向流等问题,以深海采矿多级输送电泵整体设计为研究对象,通过对比国内外优秀的深海采矿泵模型,提出高扬程粗颗粒多级输送电泵的设计方法,并进行四级扬矿电泵设计。分析并计算多级输送电泵所受的外载荷、轴向力和螺栓承受的拉力,利用有限元分析软件对泵体的强度和刚度进行计算,最后对两级扬矿电泵的工作特性进行实验研究。研究结果表明:当设计流量为432 m3/h时,两级电泵的扬程为82 m;当结核浆体体积分数为0~10%时,泵的功率-流量曲线变化平缓,泵的颗粒过流能力强,泵的各部件均满足强度和刚度的要求,验证了多级输送电泵设计方法的有效性。     

海底天然气水合物水力提升系统参数和提升性能作用规律

运用MATLAB软件分析天然气水合物水力提升系统水力损失、矿浆泵扬程与系统中固相体积分数、系统流量、颗粒粒径、管道直径之间的理论关系;建立绞刀头工作三维流场模型,运用计算流体力学理论和Fluent仿真软件对绞刀头工作区域内固液两相流场进行数值模拟,比较不同工作参数下流场出口和入口固相质量的比值达到95%时所需的绞吸流量。研究结果表明:当绞吸流量为1 000～1 300 m~3/h时,切削头绞吸效率最高,在该区间内,绞刀大环外径的分布范围为0.9～1.0 m,绞刀横移速度分布范围为0.07～0.11 m/s。     

深海矿石输送设备工作性能

为研究深海矿石输送设备的工作性能,提出矿浆分离效率和矿石储集效率这2个评价指标,运用计算流体力学理论和Fluent仿真软件对矿石输送设备三维流场模型内固液两相流进行模拟仿真,研究进料流量、颗粒体积分数、颗粒粒径和活塞行程对这2个评价指标的影响。研究结果表明:进料流量越小,矿浆分离效率和矿石储集效率越大;随着颗粒体积分数增大,矿浆分离效率减小幅度不大,矿石储集效率先增加后减小,存在1个最优体积分数,粒径越小,最优体积分数越小;矿浆分离效率随颗粒粒径的增大而增大,当颗粒粒径增大到25 mm后,矿浆分离效率上升幅度很小;矿石储集效率先随颗粒粒径的增大而增大,当颗粒粒径增大到20 mm后,矿石储集效率大幅度下降;矿石储集效率随活塞行程的增大先大幅度上升,随后趋于平稳,而活塞行程对矿浆分离效率影响不大。     

基于高维混合模型与遗传算法的离心泵叶片优化

提出了一种基于机器学习的高维混合模型用于离心泵的叶片优化方法.选用一台低比转速离心泵,以离心泵叶轮叶片为研究对象,通过对叶片型线拟合分离多变量参数,利用支持向量机的高维表示方法,结合计算流体动力学软件,经过对训练集的机器学习,构建了离心泵叶片型线优化的代理模型.依据遗传算法求解离心泵多变量代理模型,预测了离心泵效率最高点及在该点时的叶片型线几何参数.运用数值模拟和试验研究的方法验证了预测数据,结果表明:数值模拟性能曲线与试验结果大体相符;在设计工况点,经代理模型优化后的数值模拟效率值较原型泵提高了2.61%,扬程提升了0.82 m,试验效率值较原型泵提高了2.1%,扬程提升了0.75 m.     

深海采矿储料罐输送设备固液两相流数值计算与分析

针对深海采矿所使用的水泵与储料罐组合的矿石输送设备在矿石输送过程中矿石输送浓度难以控制,不利于矿石稳定和持续输送等问题,基于Fluent软件中的Euler-Euler模型,采用SIMPLE算法和标准k-ε湍流模型对储料罐输送设备内固液两相流进行数值计算和分析.计算结果表明:储料罐内的矿石在inlet1的水射流冲击和自身重力作用下能顺利进入输送管道,在inlet2水射流的卷吸和不断紊动稀释作用下,在出口处能得到稳定持续的矿浆流.同时,仿真结果表明:矿石体积分数随粒径增大而变小,当矿石粒径在5～10 mm范围内时矿石输送的体积分数保持在10％左右;随着储料罐内矿石堆积高度增加,矿石输送体积分数有所增大,但增大的幅度很小;随着inletl速度增大,矿石输送体积分数也相应升高,两者之间呈良好的线性关系,因此通过阀门控制inletl的水流速度就可以实现对矿石输送体积分数的控制;最后通过实验验证该输送设备的可行性,并进一步验证通过控制inletl入口速度控制矿石输送体积分数.     

深海扬矿泵不同导叶流道中粗颗粒运动试验研究

为提高管道水力输送安全性,设计导叶进口安放角和叶片数不同的模型泵,建立管道输送试验系统,采用粒径为3mm的石英砂在输送颗粒体积分数为5%的条件下通过不同模型泵,分析导叶设计参数对颗粒过泵的影响。研究结果表明:导叶进口安放角为25°、叶片数为5的模型泵最优;颗粒在该模型泵中运动,在导叶进口区域,颗粒主要从导叶背面进入,而且颗粒冲击导叶背面的现象不明显;在出口部位,颗粒主要靠近流道中部流出导叶,这样减少了对导叶出口叶片的碰撞;颗粒在此泵中运动的时间较少,不集中在泵中1个部位发生碰撞,对泵的磨损较轻。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.