Insight into the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia

Data collected at approximately 60 Global Positioning System (GPS) sites in southeast Asia show the crustal deformation caused by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake at an unprecedented large scale. Small but significant co-seismic jumps are clearly detected more than 3,000 km from the earthquake epicentre. The nearest sites, still more than 400 km away, show displacements of 10 cm or more. Here we show that the rupture plane for this earthquake must have been at least 1,000 km long and that non-homogeneous slip is required to fit the large displacement gradients revealed by the GPS measurements. Our kinematic analysis of the GPS recordings indicates that the centroid of released deformation is located at least 200 km north of the seismological epicentre. It also provides evidence that the rupture propagated northward sufficiently fast for stations in northern Thailand to have reached their final positions less than 10 min after the earthquake, hence ruling out the hypothesis of a silent slow aseismic rupture.     

Near-field surface displacement and permanent deformation induced by the Alaska Mw 7.5 earthquake determined by high-rate real-time ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions

High-rate GPS data from the United States continuously operating reference stations in the Alaska region are processed using the recently developed precise point positioning （PPP） technique. The traditional PPP technique does not fix ambiguities into their integers because these ambiguities do not have an integer nature when data from a single receiver, as well as precise orbit and clock corrections, are used. Additional corrections, i.e., uncalibrated phase delay （UPD）, are needed to fix integer ambiguities and consequently improve positioning accuracy. This study proposes a methodology to compute for wide-lane and L2 （the second L-band frequency） UPDs using the geometry-based model and subsequently applies these parameters to the computation for ambiguity-fixed solutions. The instantaneous displacements of near-field sites, as well as the permanent deformations after the earthquake, are therefore obtained for the January 5, 2013, Alaska earthquake. The real-time performance of PPP solutions are assessed by considering realistic data latency and data interval of corrections. Ambiguity-fixed solutions are compared with ambiguity-float ones. The comparison shows that the positioning accuracy can be improved significantly when the ambiguities are fixed correctly. The solutions using the real-time corrections are also compared with those using post-processing corrections, i.e., Center for Orbit Determination in Europe final orbit and clock. Although the accuracy is somehow degraded because of the data latency and data interval, the real-time results are satisfactory for use in monitoring the small-scale deformation （1-2 cm） caused by the Alaska earthquake. In addition, the kinematic ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions for 7 days around the earthquake are calculated to obtain permanent pre- and post-earthquake deformations. The deformations computed from real-time and post-processing corrections do not appear to be significantly different.     

基于几何约束关系的ML模型求解三维坐标定位问题研究

为了提高三维空间位置定位算法的性能和准确性,提出了以3个基站定位原理为基础的基于几何约束关系的ML模型.通过设计基站位置、到达时间(time of arrival,TOA)数值、手持终端位置之间的几何关系,估计得到手持终端的全部可能位置,通过最大似然算法,以最大可能的估计值确定为定位结果.经过仿真计算验证了算法能有效抑制非视距环境(non-line of Sight,NLOS)误差和测量误差,并且能够得到最佳估计值,具有计算量小、精度高等优点.仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性,在各类室内定位系统中具有很强的实用性.     

South American SLR stations monitoring ground displacement caused by the M8.8 Chilean earthquake of 2010

The M8.8 Chilean earthquake of February 27, 2010 caused a large surface displacement near its epicenter. Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) station 7405, cooperatively operated by Germany and Chile about 130 km from the epicenter was affected by the earthquake. Another SLR station, No. 7406, operated jointly by the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and San Juan University of Argentina, was about 600 km from the epicenter. Combining the observations of these two SLR stations with global SLR station observations, we calculate the geocentric coordinates of the two stations based on ITRF2000. The results show that the coordinates of the two stations have changed by varying degrees. SLR-7405 moved substantially towards the southwest with displacements of about 3.11, 0.52 and 0.49 m in X, Y, Z directions; the corresponding displacements for SLR-7406 are about 0.02, 0.03 and 0.02 m. This solution, as an independent result derived from SLR observations, could provide an essential external check for other positioning techniques such as GPS.     

基于组合导航与EKPF飞行器的地形边界与面积估计

提出了一种使用四旋翼飞行器作为测量平台的地形边界与面积估计算法.该算法采用紧耦合闭环组合导航系统(捷联惯性导航系统与全球卫星定位系统)获取待测地形边界点的定位数据,分别使用Pauta准则与扩展卡尔曼粒子滤波方法剔除异常数据与处理定位数据.算法在得到的最终定位数据的基础上,估算待测地形与面积.飞行器使用前视和下视摄像头确定飞行方向和选择边界点.使用该算法可以实现不规则的凸多边形、凹多边形和弧段等地形的精确估计,估计误差可以在±1.2%以内.实际飞行实验结果验证了该算法的可行性和准确性.     

Applying Global Positioning System Real-Time Kinematic Technology to Collection and Analysis of Rowing Information

IntroductionIn rowing,as in many sports,the goal is to getfrom startto finish as fastas possible.Informationabout the boat movement is very important inrowing training and competition.Examples ofuseful information include boat velocity,strokerate,single stroke distance,boat track,andtraining distance.Analyzing these parameters canhelp to evaluate the rowing techniques and tomonitor rowers'performance.With traditionalmethods we can only obtain stroke rate using ameter on the boat or from video…     

基于超宽带的 TOA-DOA 联合定位方法

针对现有的大多数超宽带(ultra-wide band,UWB)定位方法至少需要3个基站,系统开销较大的问题,提出一种新颖的基于波达时间-波达方向(time of arrival-direction of arrival,TOA-DOA)联合估计的定位方法,仅需一个基站即可准确快速定位目标.利用酋矩阵束算法估计视距信号TOA和最小二乘估计准则估计视距信号DOA,得到目标的相对坐标.Matlab仿真实验证明,该方法的TOA和DOA估计精度较高,定位精度达到厘米级,而且复杂度降低为矩阵束算法的1/4,采样频率为亚奈奎斯特速率,易于实现,是一种简单有效的定位方法.     

基于局域参考站网络伪距观测的钟差估计及应用

系统地推导了基于局域参考站网络伪距观测进行实时钟差的运算公式,并讨论了以估计得到的钟差进行实时单站定位的数学模型.采用所推导的公式及数学模型,以上海参考站网络和同济大学GPS基准站的伪距观测数据,进行了GPS卫星钟差的实时估计和实时动态单点定位解算.结果表明,单历元伪距观测动态定位结果在北、东、上三个方向的均方根(RMS)值可达到0.444 2,0.522 7,1.110 9m.     

Influence of the March 11, 2011 M w 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake on regional volcanic activities

Two days after the March 11,2011,Mw 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake,Shinmoedake volcano,located on the Japanese island of Honshu,erupted.Was this eruption triggered by the Tohoku-oki earthquake?Could Mount Fuji and Changbaishan volcanoes also be triggered to erupt?By calculating changes in the regional stress-strain field that resulted from the earthquake,we find that Mount Fuji,Shinmoedake and Changbaishan volcanoes are all located in regions of volumetric expansion.The volumetric expan-sions at a depth of 10 km are up to～220 nano-strain,～8 nano-strain,and～14 nano-strain,respectively,for the three volcanoes. The strain changes inferred from GPS co-seismic displacements also suggest that these three volcanoes are located in regions with surface areal expansion.Considering that the expansional stress may cause the opening of magma channels,exsolution of CO2 gases stored in magma,and a series of positive feedback effects,the Tohoku-oki earthquake may result in an increase in the activ-ity of these volcanoes.Attention should be paid to potential triggering of volcanic eruptions by stress changes induced by the Tohoku-oki earthquake.     

高精度动态GPS定位中的一种周跳修复方法

介绍了高精度GPS动态定位的基本原理,提出了一种在动态定位过程中周跳修复的方法,此法计算简单,组合数少,计算速度较快,可用于实时动态定位,从而可以大大减少动态定位过程中重新进行初始化的次数,根据所编制的软件,对静态观测数据进行动态定位的解算,并对沪宁高速公路动态定位数据解算结果与常规测量进行了比较分析,结果表明平面和高程都达到了厘米级精度,表明所提出的周跳修复方法的正确性     

一种基于边缘计算的RTK定位方法

实时动态载波相位差分(Real-Time kinematic,RTK)定位是一种基于载波相位观测值的实时动态定位技术,通过架设基准站并将基准站数据与流动站数据进行差分解算获取流动站的精确位置,从而得到比传统GPS定位更为精确的结果。本文提出了一种基于边缘计算的实时动态载波相位差分定位方法 E-RTK(Edge Real-Time Kinematic),通过将RTK解算任务迁移至边缘设备,降低RTK移动端对硬件的算力需求,进而降低RTK定位的硬件成本。本文基于E-RTK进行了实现及测试,实验证明,该E-RTK定位在较低的硬件成本下,能够达到与传统RTK定位相当的精度,除此之外,在使用GPS+BEIDOU卫星数据进行解算定位时,相较于常见的GPS+GLONASS定位,其Fix速度具有较大提升。     

基于F-范数的变换域通信系统同步参数估计算法

在异步条件下应用特征值分解算法估计变换域通信系统基函数时,分段得到的特征向量存在模糊现象,此时将造成系统接收性能的下降。为了解决此问题,提出了基函数周期序列的同步算法。详细分析估计基函数的特征值分解算法,推导接收数据的采样延时与其自协方差矩阵特征值的关系式,得到同步参数的最大似然估计方法,依据范数的等价性原理,进一步将最大似然估计中的最大特征值求解问题转化为F-范数的求解以降低算法复杂度。仿真结果表明:相比最大特征值算法,采用F-范数的估计算法性能一致,但计算时间明显减少,算法的估计精度与接收信噪比成正比。异步条件下当估计的基函数存在模糊时,系统接收性能在同步之后能得到较好的改善。     

基于差分GPS的局部区域无人车路径跟踪算法

为确保无人车在弯曲度变化较大的路径上运行的平稳性及速度变化的连续性,基于差分GPS定位导航系统,综合考虑前视距离、速度和弯曲度之间的关系,提出了一种改进的Pure Pursuit算法。首先,通过差分GPS对局部区域内的路径信息进行采集,基于NMEA协议对GPS接收机输出数据进行坐标转换;其次,结合车辆运动学自行车模型与Pure Pursuit改进算法进行路径跟踪。试验结果表明,无人车以30 km/h的最高车速与5 km/h的最低车速跟踪既定路径时,最大横向跟踪偏差相比既有算法降低55. 4%,平均横向跟踪误差相比既有算法降低23. 98%,达到了较好的跟踪效果。     

Preliminary results pertaining to coseismic displacement and preseismic strain accumulation of the Lushan M S7.0 earthquake, as reflected by GPS surveying

This paper presents the coseismic displacement and preseismic deformation fields of the Lushan M _S7.0 earthquake that occurred on April 20, 2013. The results are based on GPS observations along the Longmenshan fault and within its vicinity. The coseismic displacement and preseismic GPS results indicate that in the strain release of this earthquake, the thrust rupture is dominant and the laevorotation movement is secondary. Furthermore, we infer that any possible the rupture does not reach the earth’s surface, and the seismogenic fault is most likely one fault to the east of the Guanxian-Anxian fault. Some detailed results are obtainable. (1) The southern segment of the Longmenshan fault is locked preceding the Lushan earthquake. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the strain accumulation rate in the southeast direction accelerates in the epicenter of the Lushan earthquake, and the angle between the principal compressional strain and the seismogenic fault indicates that a sinistral deformation background in the direction of the seismogenic fault precedes the Lushan earthquake. Therefore, it is evident that the Wenchuan M _S8.0 earthquake accelerated the pregnancy of the Lushan earthquake. (2) The coseismic displacements reflected by GPS data are mainly located in a region that is 230 km (NW direction) × 100 km (SW direction), and coseismic displacements larger than 10 mm lie predominantly in a 100-km region (NW direction). (3) On a large scale, the coseismic displacement shows thrust characteristics, but the associated values are remarkably small in the near field (within 70 km) of the earthquake fault. Meanwhile, the thrust movement in this 70-km region does not correspond with the attenuation characteristics of the strain release, indicating that the rupture of this earthquake does not reach the earth’s surface. (4) The laevorotation movements are remarkable in the 50-km region, which is located in the hanging wall that is close to the earthquake fault, and the corresponding values in this case correlate with the attenuation characteristics of the strain release.     

基于F-范数的变换域通信系统同步参数估计算法

在异步条件下应用特征值分解算法估计变换域通信系统基函数时,分段得到的特征向量存在模糊现象,此时将造成系统接收性能的下降。为了解决此问题,提出了基函数周期序列的同步算法。详细分析估计基函数的特征值分解算法,推导接收数据的采样延时与其自协方差矩阵特征值的关系式,得到同步参数的最大似然估计方法,依据范数的等价性原理,进一步将最大似然估计中的最大特征值求解问题转化为F-范数的求解以降低算法复杂度。仿真结果表明:相比最大特征值算法,采用F-范数的估计算法性能一致,但计算时间明显减少,算法的估计精度与接收信噪比成正比。异步条件下当估计的基函数存在模糊时,系统接收性能在同步之后能得到较好的改善。     

Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project

Determining the seismic fracture energy during an earthquake and understanding the associated creation and development of a fault zone requires a combination of both seismological and geological field data. The actual thickness of the zone that slips during the rupture of a large earthquake is not known and is a key seismological parameter in understanding energy dissipation, rupture processes and seismic efficiency. The 1999 magnitude-7.7 earthquake in Chi-Chi, Taiwan, produced large slip (8 to 10 metres) at or near the surface, which is accessible to borehole drilling and provides a rare opportunity to sample a fault that had large slip in a recent earthquake. Here we present the retrieved cores from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project and identify the main slip zone associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake. The surface fracture energy estimated from grain sizes in the gouge zone of the fault sample was directly compared to the seismic fracture energy determined from near-field seismic data. From the comparison, the contribution of gouge surface energy to the earthquake breakdown work is quantified to be 6 per cent.     

基于准RTK的GBAS机载定位精度性能研究

摘要：地基增强系统(ground-based augmentation systems,GBAS)中机载导航定位精度和精度可靠性关系到飞机和人员的生命财产安全。因此,提出了在GBAS中使用以准载波相位差分技术（Real - time kinematic,RTK）为差分方式减小潜在误差影响的方法。RTK利用了参考站和移动站之间观测误差的空间相关性,通过差分的方式消除了移动站观测数据中的大部分误差,与传统的差分方式相比,RTK具有更大的技术优势。通过实验验证和数据仿真结果表明：该方案的单频准RTK可实现分米级甚至厘米的高精度定位,能够为飞机的进近提供精密和稳定的导航数据,同时为机场实现GBAS CAT II/III类精密进近服务起到积极地促进作用。     

联合slipBERI与D-InSAR技术的青海省玛多县地震形变场提取与模拟

针对2021年5月22日青海玛多县Ms7.4地震震区形变信息、形变特征以及滑动断裂特性的提取与模拟等问题,获取了玛多县地震区的Sentinel-1A影像,采用双轨差分干涉法,并优化各项参数,提取出同震形变场,利用slipBERI(slip from Bayesian Regularized Inversion)方法对断层的几何参数及形变场进行反演和模拟。结果表明：玛多地震同震形变场的形状近似于一个椭圆,断层整体呈西北-东南走向,其上部为沉降区,下部为隆升区,最大LOS(line of sight,视线向)形变分别为0.65m和0.81m。地震形变场的运动主要以东西方向的水平运动为主,并伴有明显的左旋走滑,断层上下方相对视线向运动可达1.50m,表明此次地震的地表破裂有明显的错位移动。通过分析形变信息和地表破裂特征,可以判断该破裂带位于巴颜喀拉块体,为昆仑山口-江口断裂,反演结果与观测结果相符,这表明观测结果较可靠。     

Fracture surface energy of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system

Fracture energy is a form of latent heat required to create an earthquake rupture surface and is related to parameters governing rupture propagation and processes of slip weakening. Fracture energy has been estimated from seismological and experimental rock deformation data, yet its magnitude, mechanisms of rupture surface formation and processes leading to slip weakening are not well defined. Here we quantify structural observations of the Punchbowl fault, a large-displacement exhumed fault in the San Andreas fault system, and show that the energy required to create the fracture surface area in the fault is about 300 times greater than seismological estimates would predict for a single large earthquake. If fracture energy is attributed entirely to the production of fracture surfaces, then all of the fracture surface area in the Punchbowl fault could have been produced by earthquake displacements totalling <1 km. But this would only account for a small fraction of the total energy budget, and therefore additional processes probably contributed to slip weakening during earthquake rupture.     

山东省农业气象自动站土壤分布状况研究

 为了解山东省各农业气象自动站的土壤分布状况,对山东省各气象台站为安装农业气象自动站所进行测定的土壤质地资料,采用气象归类法进行分析评估.结果表明：①22种土壤,壤土类达131个台站次,黏土类达56个台站次,砂土类达25个台站次;②0～30cm均为壤土类的台站达90个,〖JP2〗占到120个台站的75%,均为黏土类的台站为16个,占13.3%,均为砂土类的台站为1个,占0.8%,混合类土壤达13个台站,占10.8%.