LysM蛋白在植物免疫中的作用

溶解素基序（LysM）是在多种蛋白质中普遍存在的结构域.植物LysM蛋白能够感知几丁质及其寡糖等分子配体，从而启动植物对病原菌的免疫反应.在水稻、拟南芥等植物免疫应答过程中，LysM蛋白作为一种重要的模式识别受体，通过不同形式的寡聚化，激活多种类受体胞质激酶及其下游的MAPK（mitogen activated protein kinase）级联反应传递信号.同时，蛋白质可逆磷酸化和蛋白质降解途径可以负调节LysM蛋白介导的防御信号转导.文章综述了植物免疫过程中LysM蛋白介导的信号转导分子机制.     

SOCS-2和SOCS-3通过IGF-1和GH信号转导系统作用于成肌细胞的分化

新近发现的细胞因子信号转导抑制因子（SOCS）家族，因其能够通过Janus激酶-信号传导和转录激活子（JAK-STAT）信号传导通路来反馈调节生长因子的信号或者抑制细胞因子的信号转导而倍受研究人员重视。一些研究表明，SOCS-3在促进成肌细胞分化和抑制白介素6（IL-6）导致的细胞炎症过程中具有重要的作用。综合大量关于细胞因子信号转导抑制因子家族的文献报道，文章分析了近几年SOCS-2和SOCS-3与IGF-1和GH信号转导关系的研究，特别是关于SOCS-3在成肌细胞分化过程中的研究，认为可以将SOCS-2和SOCS-3作为细胞内生长信号调节和促进动物肌肉发育的潜在因子进行研究。     

植物蛋白激酶MAPK及其在病原信号传导中的作用

植物蛋白激酶在信号传递过程中越来越受到关注。促细胞分裂剂激活性蛋白激酶(MAPK)是一类存在于各种真核生物体中的丝氨酸/苏氨酸型蛋白激酶。它被上游激活因子MAPKK磷酸化而激活,并通过将底物蛋白上的丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基磷酸化而传递信号。它与其他一些信号分子组成MAPK级联信号通路,接受外界刺激信号,将信号转入细胞内,影响特定基因的表达,它的作用受到不同因子的调节。文章主要介绍了植物体中的MAPK的结构特点、分类以及其在病原信号传导中的作用。     

植物抗病反应中的蛋白磷酸化

在植物抗病反应中,发现有蛋白磷酸化现象发生,已经证明的有关因子包括MBP蛋白激酶、大雄疫霉激发子、丁香霉素、pp29和pp51蛋白激酶以及双链RNA。蛋白磷酸化是细胞信号传递系统的组成部分,与植物抗病反应有关的蛋白磷酸化研究将会发现新的植物病害防治途径。     

酵母双杂交泛素系统分析CLV1/2/3间的相互作用

CLAVATA(CLV)家族在拟南芥茎顶端分生区干细胞增殖与分化平衡的调节中发挥至关重要的作用.CLV基因家族编码受体蛋白激酶CLV1、受体样蛋白CLV2和细胞外多肽信号配基CLV3,前期研究表明,CLV1和CLV2可能以复合体形式接收并向胞内传递CLV3的信号,而受体激酶CORYNE(CRN)参与CLV3信号转导途径,可能和CLV2相互作用组成二聚体与CLV1形成平行独立的通路来应答CLV3信号.采用酵母双杂交泛素分裂系统研究了CLV家族蛋白之间的相互作用,研究结果表明CLV1的胞外域与CLV3和CLV2分别存在相互作用,这进一步为CLV家族受体-配体复合体的形成提供了证据.     

不同叶龄拟南芥叶片中STN7激酶表达的研究

光合生物的状态转换可以调节激发能在2个光系统间的分配,以响应环境变化,避免光对其产生损伤.状态转换过程中伴随着LHCⅡ蛋白的磷酸化与去磷酸化.拟南芥STN7蛋白激酶参与了LHCⅡ蛋白的磷酸化和状态转换过程.借助STN7抗体与磷酸化苏氨酸抗体,研究了光照3h时STN7激酶在不同叶龄拟南芥叶片中的表达与LHCⅡ蛋白磷酸化的关系.实验结果表明,随着拟南芥叶龄的增加,STN7激酶蛋白的稳态水平逐渐降低,而LHCⅡ蛋白磷酸化与叶片PSⅡ光合活力则在生长6w时为最大.说明STN7激酶的调节存在酶量与酶活性的调节,并且以后者为主.     

拟南芥CARK5激酶响应脱落酸信号的研究

为了研究拟南芥脱落酸（Abscisic acid，ABA）受体的翻译后修饰，本研究以能够磷酸化ABA受体的激酶CARK5作为研究对象，通过构建了转基因株系来检测CARK5在ABA信号途径中的功能.结果显示： CARK5能够促进ABA介导的抑制种子萌发、幼苗的形态建成以及主根的生长，但是过表达激酶失活型CARK5m（CARK5N250A）则跟突变体cark5表型类似.拟南芥中过表达CARK5增强植株抗旱性；ABA处理后，ABA响应标记基因RAB18表达量增加.这些结果说明，CARK5通过可以磷酸化ABA受体，正调控ABA信号通路.     

复杂网络分析激酶底物信号传递机制

为了研究信号从激酶到达底物蛋白质后的传递机制,本文将磷酸化和蛋白质相互作用结合构建网络,利用复杂网络理论对该网络进行分析.结果发现,底物中存在的社区结构不会只传递特定激酶组的信号,影响网络稳定性的关键节点大多参与肿瘤发生相关的信号途径.     

哺乳动物细胞中一氧化氮与MAPK信号转导途径的调节关系

一氧化氮(NO)广泛存在于各种细胞中,在哺乳动物的心血管系统、神经系统、免疫系统和生殖系统等正常的生理活动和病理变化中发挥着十分重要作用.一氧化氮合酶(NOS)催化底物后生成NO,NO与可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶结合,促使GTP转化成cGMP,再激活cGMP依赖性的蛋白激酶(PKG),使蛋白质磷酸化而发挥生物学效应.即NOS/NO/cGMP/PKG作用通路.丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)是哺乳动物细胞内最重要的信号系统之一,在细胞增殖、生长、发育、分化、凋亡以及应激、炎症等多种生理和病理过程发挥十分重要的调节作用,主要是通过MAPKKK/MAPKK/MAP级联系统传递信号.已经在多种细胞中研究发现,NO与MAPK信号转导途径之间有着密切的相互调节关系.因此,加深对信号传导通路各个环节两者调控机理的认识,对某些疾病病理机制的阐明和治疗有重要理论意义和应用价值,因而也受到广泛的关注.文中根据此前的报道,结合该实验室的研究结果,综述了NO与MAPK信号转导途径之间的相互调节关系.     

植物盐胁迫的信号传导途径

植物耐盐性研究具有重要意义.近年来,植物盐胁迫信号传导途径一直是植物耐盐性研究的热点.目前已阐明的盐胁迫信号传导途径有酵母和植物中的MAPK(mitogen-actirated protein kinase)途径、拟南芥中缓解离子胁迫的SOS(salt overIy sensitive)途径以及其他蛋白激酶参与的信号传导途径,其中包括钙依赖而钙调素不依赖的蛋白激酶、受体蛋白激酶、糖原合成酶的激酶和组蛋白激酶.因此,植物的耐盐性是个非常复杂的问题,可能是由多种信号分子参与的网络体系.大量转基因实验证明,信号传导途径中的某些组分可改善植物的耐盐性.因此,深入研究植物的盐胁迫信号传导是提高植物耐盐性的前提和基础.     

基因芯片研究小檗碱对胰岛素抵抗卵巢颗粒细胞基因表达的影响

应用基因芯片技术研究小檗碱对胰岛素抵抗卵巢颗粒细胞基因表达谱的影响。方法采用胰岛素信号转导通路调节糖代谢的关键分子——PI-3K的特异性阻断剂沃漫青霉素作用于猪卵巢颗粒细胞,人工诱导胰岛素抵抗(IR)的细胞模型;同时应用小檗碱作用在细胞模型上,作用48h后提取细胞总RNA,应用猪全基因组单通道芯片对样本基因进行筛查,得出差异表达基因数据并进行分析。结果显示,中药小檗碱作用模型细胞后差异表达基因42个。差异表达基因主要涉及的功能有:物质代谢、炎症与免疫反应、信号转导等。由此可得出结论:小檗碱可通过多种途径在基因水平上对胰岛素抵抗卵巢颗粒细胞起作用。     

Involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in the invasion of cultured mammalian cells by Salmonella typhimurium.

Salmonella infection continues to be a major world-wide health problem. One essential pathogenic feature common to all Salmonella is their ability to penetrate the cells of the intestinal epithelium which are normally non-phagocytic. The internalization of Salmonella into mammalian cells is thought to be a receptor-mediated phenomenon and the invasion of cultured epithelial cells depends on several Salmonella genes, but nothing is known about the host determinants participating in this interaction. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation follows stimulation of many cell-surface receptors to initiate signal transduction pathways that stimulate cellular responses. We report here that invasion of cultured Henle-407 cells by Salmonella typhimurium induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In contrast, an isogenic strain of S. typhimurium that is defective in invasion owing to a mutation in the invA gene is unable to induce such phosphorylation. Addition of EGF to cultured Henle-407 cells allowed the internalization of the invasion-defective S. typhimurium invA mutant although it did not cause the internalization of an adherent, but non-invasive, strain of Escherichia coli. This result indicates that stimulation of the EGF receptor is involved in the invasion of cultured Henle-407 cells by S. typhimurium.     

植物对机械刺激信号的感受和转导途径

植物的新陈代谢和生长发育主要受遗传信息和环境信息的调节控制，获得对复杂环境的适应性，调节生长发育进程，成为植物维持生存的主要手段．细胞对机械刺激的响应包括信号感受、信号转导和最终引起细胞生物化学反应的过程．综述了近年来在植物对机械刺激信号的感受和转导途径的研究领域中一些重要结果，其中包括整合素及其类似物介导的机械-化学信号转化，质膜流动性对机械刺激的响应，机械信号的转导途径——钙信号系统等，并对该领域的研究重点和方向进行了展望.     

Apoptotic signal pathways and regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells induced by IL-24

The melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7(mda-7),IL-24,has the specific functions that induce cancer cell apoptosis without doing harm to normal cells. We systematically review the apoptotic signal pathways and their regulatory mechanisms induced by Ad.IL-24 and IL-24 in diverse cancer cells. IL-24 can participate in varied signal transduction pathways,including JAK,p38 MAPK,Wnt/β-catenin,JNK,ER stress and mitochondria-associated signal pathways. And we review five proteins interacting with IL-24,including Bip/GRP78,S1 R,PKR,Beclin1 and soluble clusterin,which are relative to the tumor-specific effect of IL-24. It is speculated that ER stress,G-protein pathways and MAPK signal pathways may be the primary upstream effectors which activate the sequential downstream mediators resulting in apoptosis induced by IL-24 in tumor cells. Experimental results also show that IL-24 sensitizes cancer cells and indirectly promotes apoptosis rather than functions as a direct apoptosis inducer itself.     

Cell adhesion receptors and cancer

Cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in the functions of cell adhesion and signal transduction are important in global control of cell phenotypes and cell behavior and are crucial for maintenance of homeostasis and structural/functional stabilization of tissues and organs. Cell adhesion receptors are recognized as the molecular basis of cell adhesion. Cadherin and Integrin are widely expressed adhesion receptors in most tissues. They are transmembrane glycoproteins which, through their cytoplasmic domain, bind to many proteins at the inner surface of cell membrane to form molecule-linkage complexes and then connect with the cytoskeleton. Through cell adhesion receptors a network functioning as cell adhesion and signal transduction is organized between tissue cells and cell-ECM. In this regard cell adhesion receptors play an important role in regulation of morphogenesis, cell-cell recognition, cell migration, cell sorting and the determination of cell's fate in development. They mediate cell functions and their fault expression is intimately correlated with development of disorders like cancer. Several isoforms of Integrin were found to have tumor suppressor effect. Some components in the molecule-linkage of focal contact are actin-binding proteins as well as substrates of kinase in the Integrin initiated signal pathway to play a role as signal transducer. Some of these molecules exhibited tumor suppressor effect too. Decreased expression of E-Cadherin has been demonstrated in many epithelium originated carcinomas. Cadherin associated membrane adhesion plaque molecule β-Catenin is also involved in the oncogene Wnt signal pathway. Both E-Cadherin and β-Catenin were proved respectively with tumor suppressor effect against invasiveness and metastasis. That Cadherin is important for the posttranslationally functional expression of Connexin has been supported by evidence from developmental biology and cancer cell differentiation studies to suggest that some sort of interrelation feedback control exists between the two signal pathways.     

Regulation of microRNA on plant development and viral infection

THE FIRST MIRNA WAS IDENTIFIED IN C. ELEGANS AS EARLY AS IN 1993; THE IMPORTANCE OF MIRNAS, HOWEVER, IS RECOGNIZED ONLY RECENTLY AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF MIRNAS EXISTING UNIVERSALLY IN EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS. THE SECOND MIRNA WAS IDENTIFIED IN 2000[1]. SINCE …     

RhoGTPases in stem cells

RhoGTPases are small molecules that control a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. Their profound function in regulating the actin cytoskeleton is well recognized. Stem cells are unique in their ability to self-renew and produce progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. RhoGTPases influence stem cell morphology and cell migration as well as stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, transplantation, homing and differentiation. In this review, the multiple roles of the RhoGTPases in stem cells are discussed.