缙云山常绿阔叶林固定样方群落结构和物种多样性动态研究

研究了缙云山顶极群落常绿阔叶林固定样方的结构和物种多样性16年后的发展变化．结果表明,固定样方中的维管束植物有45种,35属,19科．固定样方的群落结构变化不明显,群落层次清楚,银叶木荷为建群种,小叶栲、白毛新木姜子、川山研等为第Ⅱ亚层优势种．物种多样性有所降低,Simpson指数λ＝0．17,Shannn－Wiener指数H'＝1．90,但群落的均匀度较高而且相对稳定．     

南充浅丘区人工植被的群落生态初步研究

通过对南充市近郊浅丘区10年生典型人工林进行了群落调查,并对群落组成、垂直结构和水平结构进行分析．结果表明：（1）南充市近郊的人工林群落均分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层3个层次;乔木层主要由重阳木和白杨构成,物种多样性最低,Shannon-Weiner和Simpson’s指数分别是0．49和0．62,乔木郁闭度较高．灌木层和草本层虽发育略差,但组成物种多,多样性较高,均在0．7以上．（2）从群落发育来看,主要的乔木和灌木物种基本上能够实现自我更新,但乔木层建群种单一,群落易受病虫害侵袭．     

大石门沟森林公园群落结构与物种多样性特征

采用典型样地法,利用物种多样性指数、均匀度指数、生态优势度指数分析大石门沟森林公园群落结构和物种多样性.结果表明:1)乔木和草本种类丰富,但灌木种类较少.调查区域内乔木共28种,灌木26种,草本91种,分属58科107属,各种类主要以阔叶落叶种为主;2)群落水平结构分布规律不明显,但在垂直结构上呈现出一定的规律性,可分为乔木层、草本层、灌木层.乔木层和草本层结构相对复杂稳定,灌木层结构单一;3)各群落乔木层优势种明显,群落Ⅰ、群落Ⅱ、群落Ⅲ都由3~4个优势种组成,群落Ⅳ乔木层只有1种优势种,如果不进行人工干预,短时间不会改变这种状况;4)群落间的物种多样性指数差异不显著,但各群落的灌木层多样性指数远小于乔木层和草本层,即草本层乔木层灌木层,物种多样性与物种丰富度和分布均匀度呈正相关.整体来看,大石门沟森林公园物种多样性指数整体趋势为群落Ⅱ群落Ⅲ群落Ⅰ群落Ⅳ.     

福建建瓯市万木林罗浮栲群落特征的研究

万木林地处福建省建瓯市，森林保护完好，罗浮栲群落是其分布面积最大的一个群落，无样地法群落调查表明，群落建群种为罗浮栲、木荷和栲．该群落结构复杂，上层乔木高大，有较明显的板状根，林下更新苗中上层优势种类仍有较大数量，群落层外植物相当发达，林内尚残留有少量的针叶、落叶树种．万木林罗浮栲群落是在阳性的针、阔混交林基础上演替而来的稳定的气候项极群落，具有典型的中亚热带地带性特征．     

G304线实验路段植被调查及植物防沙体系的建立

对G304试验路段(k450～k468)两侧进行了植被及生态环境调查．结果表明，小叶锦鸡儿、差不嘎蒿均是建群种，差不嘎蒿同时又是优势种，小叶锦鸡儿为亚优势种．试验路段植被总盖度30％～40％，草群明显地表现出上、中、下三层层次结构．调查区共有高等植物25科46属61种．群落演替表现小叶锦鸡儿、差不嘎蒿种群保持着原生植被的建群种、优势种地位，处在进展演替阶段，始终表现着顶级植被的特征．调查发现，试验路段风蚀沙化较重．提出了植物防沙体系的优化组合方案．     

北仑河口国家级自然保护区红树植物群落研究

从生境条件、种类组成、类型、外貌、结构、物种多样性、演替等方面较为系统地分析了广西北仑河口国家级自然保护区红树植物群落的生态特征．红树植物种类有14种,隶属11科14属;其中,真红树有10种,半红树有4种．真红树群落可划分为8个群系,14个群落类型,建群种有卤蕨、白骨壤、桐花树、秋茄、木榄、海漆、老鼠和银叶树8种;半红树群落有2个群系,2个群落类型,建群种为黄槿和海芒果．群落物种多样性的Simpson指数(D)为1．09～5．34,Shannon—Weiner指数(H)为0．25～2．56、种间机遇率(PIE)为0．08～0．82和均匀度（E)为0．25～0．95．     

广西红树植物群落特征的初步研究

从生境条件、种类组成、类型、外貌、结构、物种多样性和演替等方面系统地分析广西红树植物群落的生态特征。广西红树植物群落的建群种有白骨壤、桐花树、秋茄、红海榄、木榄、海漆、老鼠Ｌｅ和银叶树８种。主要群落可划分为８个群系,１５个群落类型。群落外貌由单叶、革质、中型叶的高位芽植物决定。群落层次结构简单,单层或两层。组成群落的红树植物的物种多样性较低。随着海平面的相对降低和土壤理化性质的改善,红树植物群落具     

羊草草原退化群落恢复演替的研究

本文根据１９８３～１９９１年获得的羊草草原退化恢复演替过程的野外调查资料，通过对种的重要值、群落的生态多样性和均匀指数的计算分析，研究了在退化草原恢复演替过程中植物群落组成及其群落学作用、种的饱和度、层片结构、生产能力以及群落综合特征的动态变化规律．结果表明，退化草原的恢复演替是一种中途演替过程．在封育恢复的过程中，主要表现出不同植物种群作用的交替变化方面．适应地带性气候条件的植物种类的群落学作用明显增强，构成恢复演替过程中的增强种组．而在过度放牧条件下形成的退化草原群落中占优势的植物种类，群落学作用逐年降低，构成恢复演替过程中的消退种组．另外，有些草原群落伴生植物，其作用在整个演替过程中变化不大，构成恒有稳定种组．在恢复演替过程中．组成群落的层片作用也表现出明显的交替变化规律，在围封后的前４～５年，冷蒿等组成的半灌木层片是群落的优势层片，其后，由羊草组成的根茎禾草层片和由大针茅等组成的丛生禾草层片逐步取代了半灌木层片的作用而成为群落的优势层片．此外，在整个演替过程中，植物种的饱和度有逐年下降的趋势，而群落多样性和均匀性指数基本上保持稳定，草群高度和群落地上生物量则表现出逐年增加的趋势．     

贵州省台江县南宫自然保护区翠柏群落特征与多样性研究

为了解翠柏群落结构特征和多样性状况,更好地保护和利用翠柏资源,采用样地调查的方法对贵州省台江县南宫自然保护区翠柏群落进行调查。结果表明：(1)群落有植物41科51属64种(含种以下等级),其中蕨类植物5科5属6种;种子植物36科46属58种;(2)群落的翠柏(0.4335)重要值最大,次之为南方红豆杉(0.1041),翠柏是建群种,南方红豆杉、枫香、杉木为乔木层优势种;群落更新能力差,存在年龄断层现象,是个衰退型群落;(3)群落丰富度指数灌木层>草本层>乔木层;优势度指数乔木层>草本层>灌木层;H多样性指数草本层>乔木层>灌木层;均匀度指数乔木层>草本层>灌木层。说明灌木层物种丰富度最明显;乔木层优势度最明显;草本层H多样性指数最高,乔木层次之;乔木层均匀度指数最大,草本层次之;(4)本群落与广西木论、云南易门等地的翠柏群落具有相似性。南宫翠柏群落是一个古老的群落,应加大对其的保护。     

森林顶极群落研究进展

在植物群落的研究中,顶极群落是一个颇为重要又颇受争议的概念.在研究中,对如何判断顶极群落,生态学家进行了大量的探讨.一般是根据群落组成、建群种的结构、群落的稳定性以及群落与生境的一致性等方面来识别顶极群落,然而都存在一定的片面性.如何判断顶极群落有必要对顶极群落的天然更新进行研究.近年的研究表明,种子雨、种子库、幼苗库和克隆生长是群落实现更新的重要条件,林窗更新是顶极群落结构维持的主要方式.冷杉林(暗针叶林)、热带雨林和常绿阔叶林是寒温带、热带和亚热带的气候顶极群落.它们的更新方式各不相同.冷杉林靠种群内的新老个体更替维持群落.热带雨林是依靠性质相似的不同种的个体替代实现更新.未受人为干扰的原始常绿阔叶林,其林下的建群种往往缺乏更新层,有的研究将这样的种群称为衰退种,这与顶极群落能自我繁殖的特征相矛盾.有关常绿阔叶林的群落更新机制需作进一步深入研究.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.