抽油机悬点最小载荷计算偏差对抽油杆柱受力状况评价的影响

抽油杆承受交变载荷 ,而交变载荷往往造成材料的疲劳损坏 ,杆柱的疲劳寿命与变载循环次数和变载幅度直接相关。因此 ,同一变载循环中最大及最小载荷的计算结果正确与否对杆柱疲劳分析有很大影响。对几种常用的载荷计算方法 ,包括 :考虑液柱惯性力的KemlerEmory方法 ,未考虑液柱惯性力的Mills方法 ,APIRP 1 1L中的推荐作法和考虑抽油杆自由纵振产生振动载荷的算法等进行分析发现 ,各种方法对最小载荷的计算结果偏差过大 ,这会对抽油杆柱的力学分析造成影响。根据载荷计算结果进一步探讨了抽油杆柱疲劳极限问题。     

稠油井抽油杆柱粘滞摩擦载荷计算分析

随着有杆抽油机在稠油井的应用越来越广泛,抽油杆的粘滞摩擦载荷问题日益显著。目前通常采用等效阻尼系数来计算杆柱的粘滞摩擦载荷,但无法准确反映粘滞摩擦载荷的变化情况,造成抽油机设计不够合理,效率不高等问题。文章以油管内稠油作为研究对象,建立了管内液体的动力学方程,求解出管内液体的速度分布。并以此为基础,结合牛顿内摩擦定律,形成了稠油井抽油杆柱粘滞摩擦载荷的计算方法。以胜利油田某稠油井为例,开展了抽油杆柱粘滞摩擦载荷计算分析,求解出了该井在一个运动周期内抽油杆粘滞摩擦载荷的变化情况。通过敏感性分析得出：在上冲程,增大抽油杆直径和油管直径或减少柱塞直径均会使杆柱的粘滞摩擦载荷变大;在下冲程,增大油管直径或减少抽油杆直径均会使杆柱的粘滞摩擦载荷变小,但柱塞直径的变化对杆柱的粘滞摩擦载荷没影响。研究结果对稠油井抽油机的设计以及抽油杆的选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

稠油井抽油杆柱黏滞摩擦载荷计算分析

随着有杆抽油机在稠油井的应用越来越广泛,抽油杆的黏滞摩擦载荷问题日益显著。目前通常采用等效阻尼系数来计算杆柱的黏滞摩擦载荷;但无法准确反映黏滞摩擦载荷的变化情况,造成抽油机设计不够合理,效率不高等问题。以油管内稠油作为研究对象,建立了管内液体的动力学方程,求解出管内液体的速度分布。并以此为基础,结合牛顿内摩擦定律,形成了稠油井抽油杆柱黏滞摩擦载荷的计算方法。以胜利油田某稠油井为例,开展了抽油杆柱黏滞摩擦载荷计算分析,求解出了该井在一个运动周期内抽油杆黏滞摩擦载荷的变化情况。通过敏感性分析得出:在上冲程,增大抽油杆直径和油管直径或减少柱塞直径均会使杆柱的黏滞摩擦载荷变大;在下冲程,增大油管直径或减少抽油杆直径均会使杆柱的粘滞摩擦载荷变小,但柱塞直径的变化对杆柱的黏滞摩擦载荷没影响。研究结果对稠油井抽油机的设计以及抽油杆的选择提供了一定的理论依据。     

抽油杆柱设计数值方法

按区间对分法计算抽油杆柱组合尺寸的数值方法适应于复杂的杆柱载荷表达式.较解析解更具一般性.本文以不同杆柱载荷公式和设计方案的计算实例验证了其正确性.     

定向井有杆抽油泵系统诊断模型的建立

考虑井眼轨迹的井斜角、方位角、油液等对杆柱抽汲运动的影响,从定向井的多级混合杆抽油杆柱上选取微元体,对该微元体做动力学分析.建立反映抽油杆柱动态变化的波动方程,作为有杆抽油泵系统故障诊断的初始动力学模型.对整个杆柱采用变步长取样和多级杆柱的分界面处特殊处理,利用有限差分法求解偏微分方程,得到杆柱上分界面处和均质段任意位置处的位移表达式.确定初始条件和边界条件,经差分和迭代计算获得抽油泵柱塞位移表达式和载荷表达式,完成最终的建模.以油田提供的4口油井的相关数据为例,代入诊断模型得到了泵功图并对其进行故障诊断.结果表明:定向井有杆抽油泵系统诊断模型的建模方法是正确可行的,数学模型应用可靠,能够支持基于知识和基于数据分析的故障诊断方法.     

加装减载器的抽油系统杆柱设计及节能分析

减载器可通过液压反馈力降低抽油机驴头悬点载荷和抽油杆应力,实现节能采油和小泵深抽。根据静等强度设计准则,对抽油杆杆柱设计线性方程进行改进,使抽油杆杆柱组合的设计计算更加合理,进一步降低悬点载荷,提高抽油杆及地面设备的使用寿命,节约生产成本。     

定向井抽油杆柱空间形态的计算方法

以曲率半径法描述井眼轨迹的空间形态,从空间杆单元入手,建立细长杆的有限元模型,并考虑井眼轨迹多支点的几何约束,以迭代法循环求解每一结点抽油杆柱的空间载荷及变形,再结合细长杆的屈曲模型,分析比较不同位置安放扶正器后抽油杆柱空间构形的变化。结果表明,通过计算实际井眼轨迹中抽油杆柱的三维受力及变形屈曲状态,能够判断扶正器安放的合理性,掌握杆柱的工作状况,预测杆/管偏磨位置。     

用玻璃钢抽油杆改善大泵强采抽油系统的工况

以混合杆柱波动方程的求解为手段,分析玻璃钢抽油杆用于大泵强采抽油系统的载荷情况,讨论这类杆柱对油井产量、悬点载荷、杆柱载荷、减速箱扭矩、光杆马力以及水马力的影响,提出用混合杆柱组合可以较好的解决大泵强采中悬点载荷和曲柄扭矩超载的问题．同时,专门对混合杆柱的超行程进行了讨论,指出该杆柱组合选择得当则能发挥玻璃钢抽油杆产生超行程的长处,克服杆柱变形引起的冲程损失,确保油井产液量．还给出了一种与波动方程差分格式具有同级精度的泵处边界条件差分格式．     

一种计算深井泵柱塞冲程的新方法

冲程损失是影响泵效的一个重要因素 ,计算泵效时 ,常规的方法只考虑由静载荷和最大惯性载荷引起的冲程损失 ,而没有考虑振动载荷对冲程损失的影响。在对悬点运动规律分析的基础上 ,提出了一种计算抽油杆柱振动位移及考虑抽油杆柱上加速度分布后惯性载荷引起的附加柱塞冲程的方法。实例计算结果表明 ,计算所得的附加柱塞冲程是不可忽略的 ,在对有杆泵井参数优化设计及有杆泵井的诊断分析时 ,可以采用该方法。这种新的计算方法有助于提高抽油机井工况诊断的准确率及参数优化设计的精确度     

利用漏失曲线计算抽油机井悬点静载荷

抽油机井示功仪测试的上、下漏失曲线反映了抽油杆在静止状态下的受力.本文提出了利用漏失曲线计算悬点静载荷的方法,分析了上、下漏失曲线的载荷组成;建立了测试上、下漏失曲线时抽油杆的受力平衡方程;通过对方程的分析,得到抽油杆自重、泵出口压力、液柱载荷以及抽油杆所受浮力的计算公式.分析了用传统方法计算抽油杆柱自重和泵出口压力时产生较大误差的原因.该方法测试数据简单,计算结果更符合实际.所得到的参数对油井工况诊断和油井工艺方案设计具有重要作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…