温州市森林生态系统碳储量研究

【目的】对浙江省温州市森林生态系统碳储量进行研究,摸清区域森林碳储量现状,为区域碳汇功能的评价提供基础数据。【方法】基于温州市2018年森林资源年度监测的马尾松林、其他松林、杉木林、柳杉林、柏木林、硬阔林、针叶混交林、阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、毛竹林等10种主要类型的森林资源监测数据,以及30个调查样地的实测数据,用平均生物量转换因子法计算不同森林类型的碳储量和碳密度,同时采用Pearson相关分析法对不同森林生态系统各组分之间有机碳储量进行相关性分析。【结果】2018年,温州市森林生态系统碳储量为81.70 Tg, 其中乔木层18.46 Tg,灌草层1.55 Tg,凋落物层1.02 Tg和土壤层60.67 Tg,分别占生态系统碳储量的22.60%、1.89%、1.25%和74.26%。温州市的森林生态系统碳密度为123.81 t/hm²,其中乔木层27.98 t/hm²,灌草层2.34 t/hm²,凋落物层1.54 t/hm²和土壤层91.95 t/hm²,土壤有机碳库为植被有机碳库的2.88倍。乔木层和土壤层有机碳储量是温州市森林生态系统的主要碳库,占全部森林生态系统有机碳储量的96.86%。乔木层碳密度最大的是柏木林,达到46.06 t/hm²;阔叶混交林碳密度最低,为20.50 t/hm²;土壤层中,碳密度最大的为柳杉林,达到136.97 t/hm²;最小的为其他松木林,为49.38 t/hm²。不同林分生态系统碳密度有一定差异,其中柳杉林碳密度最大(185.42 t/hm²),最低的是马尾松林(83.34 t/hm²)。各组分碳储量相关性分析表明,乔木层与凋落物层碳储量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),土壤层碳储量与森林生态系统碳储量呈极显著相关关系 (P<0.01),说明土壤层对整个生态系统碳储量的贡献最大。其他各组分之间相关关系均达不到显著水平。【结论】温州市森林生态系统碳密度略高于浙江省平均水平,但是低于全国平均水平,因此可以通过合理的森林经营管理措施提高森林碳密度。     

新疆喀纳斯保护区森林碳储量及碳密度研究

基于森林资源二类清查数据资料,利用材积源生物量法和平均生物量法,计算新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区内森林植被的碳储量及其空间分布。结果表明:保护区内森林植被碳储量为3.004 7 Tg,平均碳密度为49.58 Mg/hm²。不同植被类型碳储量从大到小排序为:乔木林地、灌木林地、疏林地、散生木,其中乔木林地碳储量占到森林植被总碳储量的90.18%,各乔木林地的平均碳密度为68.87 Mg/hm²。区域分布上,林分碳储量、碳密度的空间分布呈现出西南高东北低的趋势; 而保护区内成、过熟林分的碳储量共占乔木林地碳储量的79.89%,若对现有森林采取合理的经营管理,可增加其碳汇能力。     

广东省森林植被碳储量动态研究

根据广东省1988—2007年5期森林资源连续清查数据资料,采用生物量转换因子连续函数法, 对广东省近20年来森林植被的碳储量、碳密度及其动态变化进行了分析研究。结果表明:20年来,广 东森林植被在碳循环中一直发挥着碳汇作用,森林植被碳储量从15 297.51×104 t增加到21 555.19 ×104 t,年均增加329.35×104 t,增长率为1.79 %;阔叶林为最主要贡献者,其碳储量增量占森 林总碳储量增量的68.95 %;森林碳密度呈增加趋势,平均年净增率为0.80 %,桉树和硬阔为增速最 快的两类树种;目前广东省中幼龄林森林面积和碳储量分别占森林总面积和总碳储量的80 %以上, 表明广东森林储碳潜力巨大。     

江苏省森林碳储量动态变化及其经济价值评价

利用江苏省第4次(2000年)和第5次(2005年)森林资源清查主要数据汇编,建立不同森林类型生物量与 蓄积量之间的回归方程,对江苏省森林植被的碳储量和碳密度动态变化及其碳汇经济价值进行了估算。结果 表明：2005年全省森林总碳储量约为2 516.56万t,2000—2005年间年均增加约160.0万t,表明其是CO2的“ 汇”,平均碳密度约为21.2 t/hm2,远小于全国和世界的平均值。从地区分布看,苏南、苏中和苏北地区森 林碳储量分别占全省的18.54 %、8.68 %和72.78 %,在全省13个地级市中,徐州市的森林植被碳储量最大, 占全省总量的20.93 %,其次是宿迁市、淮安市,最低的是南通市,仅占全省的0.92 %;平均碳密度以苏南 较高、苏中次之、苏北较低。从森林类型看,全省大部分碳储量集中在阔叶林中,杨树是优势树种,5年间 杨树造林面积增加值占全省新增林地面积的90.27 %,占全省森林总碳储量的比例由39.51 %增加到66.12 % ;针叶林造林面积和碳储量均呈现下降趋势。从龄组看,全省森林碳储量主要集中在幼龄林和中龄林中, 2005年两者之和约占全省总量的72.86 %。5年间全省累计森林碳汇经济价值约96.0亿元。     

江西省森林碳储量与碳密度研究

为探索和估算我国森林碳汇功能提供准确和可靠的基础数据,利用江西省森林资源二类清查资料,运用材积源生物量法对江西省森林碳储量和碳密度进行了研究。森林植被乔木层碳密度的特征为,全省不同森林类型碳密度由大到小依次为硬阔林、针阔混交林、毛竹林、国外松林、杉木林、软阔林、灌木林、马尾松林和经济林;乔木层碳密度随着林龄的增加而增大,随着人口密度的增加而降低。不同森林碳储量由大到小依次为杉木林、马尾松林、硬阔林、灌木林、经济林、毛竹林、针阔混交林、国外松林和软阔林,全省南部和中西部要高于中东部和北部。江西省森林总碳储量为1.5G t C,占全国森林总碳储量的5.33%。     

基于森林资源清查的江西省森林碳储量及固碳潜力研究

【目的】根据江西省森林资源清查数据,分别估算不同森林类型的生物量碳库及其变化,并估算森林植被的固碳潜力,为森林资源的科学管理提供理论依据。【方法】基于江西省1988—2011年森林资源清查统计数据,采用生物量换算因子连续函数法和平均生物量法,计算江西省森林植被的碳储量变化、碳密度及固碳潜力。【结果】1998—2011年江西省森林碳储量呈增长趋势,从81.38 Tg增长至188.52 Tg,年平均增长率达到3.7%; 江西省森林碳密度远低于全国平均水平,不同起源和植被类型的碳密度有较大差异,天然林的碳密度比人工林的高; 江西省森林植被碳汇潜力巨大,通过林业生长和再造林,固碳量可达191.48 Tg。【结论】江西省森林面积及碳储量呈较快增长趋势,但与全国平均水平比较,碳密度仍处于较低水平,主要原因在于江西省森林以幼龄林为主,这也预示随着后续的植树造林和森林生长,江西省的森林碳汇潜力较大。     

云南主要森林植被碳储量及固碳潜力模拟研究

使用日本对地观测卫星(advanced land observing satellite,ALOS)2008—2011年的影像数据,解译云南现状植被分布.使用分类回归树模型(classification and regression trees,CART)预测云南主要森林植被的潜在分布区,估算云南森林植被的碳储量和固碳潜力.结果显示:云南省林地总面积是2.0×107hm2,森林覆盖率为52.49%,主要森林植被碳储量为871.14 Tg;不同森林植被碳储量及固碳潜力不同,碳储量较高的是季风常绿阔叶林、暖温性针叶林和暖热性针叶林,分别为205.42、172.72 Tg和137.78 Tg,而固碳潜力较大的是暖热性针叶林、暖温性针叶林和温凉性针叶林,分别为788.53、119.00 Tg和156.78 Tg,分别是现实碳储量的5.7倍、2.1倍和0.91倍;云南主要森林植被总固碳潜力为1 321.52 Tg,约为现实碳储量的1.52倍.总体上,云南省针叶林的固碳潜力远大于阔叶林,适当的人为干扰可提高暖热性针叶林的固碳潜力,暖热性针叶林具有较强的清洁发展机制(clean development mechanism,CDM)潜力,云南省主要森林植被在整体上是一个碳汇.     

浙江省森林生态系统五大碳库碳汇功能及结构特征

为准确评估浙江省森林生态系统5个碳库碳储量,基于浙江省森林资源年度监测体系,建立了各碳库基础数据外业调查、样品采集系统抽样调查体系,并在全省共调查地上、地下和枯死木碳库样地4 252个,调查枯落物、土壤碳库样地906个.以样地为基本单元,运用系统抽样估计方法,测算了各碳库碳储量,分析了各碳库碳储量结特征,提供了评估结果的抽样精度和置信区间.结果显示,浙江森林生态系统碳储量931.74 Tg C.其中:土壤有机质碳库占70.43%,是森林生态系统最大碳库,地上生物量碳库占20.59%,地下生物量碳库占7.15%,枯死木碳库占0.67%,枯落物碳库占1.16%.在p=0.95的可靠性保证下,地上、地下碳库抽样精度分别为96.50%和96.71%,枯落物、土壤碳库分别为93.75%和94.10%,枯死木碳库抽样精度89.36%.     

城市化过程中余杭市森林碳汇动态

余杭市位于沪嘉杭地区,城市化进程较快,对今后众多内陆中小城市的发展有一定的预示性．根据余杭森林资源清查资料,结合实地调查校验,以城市人口密度作为城市化的指标,对余杭森林资源的生态服务功能进行了初步研究．用森林蓄积量推算了1985年与1998年余杭森林生物量、碳储量,分析了其在时间上的动态变化和空间上的分布情况;还分析了森林类型、林龄结构及天然林与人工林等因素对碳储量的影响．结果表明,1998年与1985年相比,余杭森林覆盖率由1985年的24．5％增加到1998年的40．3％,总面积增加35％;总森林碳储量增加18．07％,平均每年增长7942MgC,起着一个碳汇作用;但森林发展很不平衡,主要集中在西北及中西部,城市化水平高的东南部森林面积在减少,经济发展及人口密度的增加都负面影响到了碳储量的增加．     

森林生态系统的固碳功能和碳储量研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,充分发挥森林的固碳能力关系到能否降低大气CO2浓度和抑制全球变暖趋势.本文在回顾森林固碳作用和碳储量研究进展的基础上,对未来研究提出粗浅看法:探知全球森林生态系统的碳储量和碳通量是调控碳循环过程的必要环节和最大难题之一,样地清查、遥感分析和模型模拟等方法的综合运用将是解决这一问题的根本途径;森林生态系统的固碳和生物多样性保护等生态功能与采伐森林资源不存在绝对对立关系,以演替理论指导森林管理有利于发挥森林生态系统的固碳作用和生物多样性保护功能,同时能够实现对森林资源的适度经济利用;应重视和加强对中高纬度森林枯落物碳库的研究.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.