Effect of M-EMS on the solidification structure of a steel billet

Effects of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) on the solidification structure of 45# steel billet were investigated by examination of interdendritic corrosion. The results show that the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings increase from the edge of the billet to the center and decrease obviously with increasing electromagnetic torque, which will be beneficial to refine the solidification structure and enlarge the equiaxed crystal zone. The ratio of equiaxed crystal increases by 15.9% with the electromagnetic torque increasing from 230 to 400 cN·cm. The increase of stirring intensity can improve the cooling rate and the impact of M-EMS on it reduces from the edge of the billet to the central area, where the cooling rates are similar at different torques. The closer to the central area, the less the influence of M-EMS on the cooling rate is. The ratio of the primary to secondary dendrite arm spacing is approximately 2.0, namely, λ1≈2λ2, and is constant irrespective of the stirring intensity and position of the billet. Original position analysis (OPA) results indicate that the center segregation of the billet is greatly improved, and the more uniform and compact solidification structure will be obtained with the increase of stirring intensity.     

电磁搅拌改善铸坯内部质量的实验研究

采用低碳钢进行静态浇铸实验,并就电磁搅拌对铸坯内部质量的影响进行了实验研究·实验结果表明,电磁搅拌可明显提高铸坯凝固组织的等轴晶率,同时又可以改善铸坯内的成分分布状况,从而提高铸坯的内部质量·在合理的电磁搅拌参数和浇铸参数条件下能够得到几乎为100%等轴晶的铸坯·     

An investigation on supercooling directional solidification process of Cu-Ni single phase alloy

Supercooling directional solidification (SDS) is put fotward by combination of melt supercooling and conventional solidification by application of supercooling inheritance. On the self-designed SDS equipment, SDS of Cu-Ni alloy was achieved successfully The results are as follows f (i) The primary arm spacing is about 30 μm, the growth of secondary arms are strongly suppressed. The primary arm spacing is nearly the same as LMC method (GL=25 K/mm, V=500 pm/s), the primary stems are straight, fine and completed. with an inclination angle of about 5.8° (ii) A semi-quantitative T-T model is brought fotward to describe the dendrite growth rate V vs. undercooling AT The prediction of T-T model agrees well with experimental results. The formation of fine equiaxed dendrites, transition region and dendrite region can be explained successfully by △T-V-x relation of T-T model.     

Microstructural characteristics and electrical resistivity of rapidly solidified Co-Sn alloys

The rapid solidification behavior of Co-Sn alloys was investigated by melt spinning method.The growth morphology of αCo phase in Co-20% Sn hypoeutectic alloy changes senistively with cooling rate.A layer of columnar αCo dendrite forms near the roller side at low colling rates.This region becomes small and disappears as the cooling rate increases and a kind of very fine homogeneous microstructure characterized by the distribution of equiaxed αCo dendrites in γCo3Sn matrix is subsequently produced.For Co-34.2% Sn eutectic alloy,anomalous eutectic forms within the whole range of cooling rates.The increase of cooling rate has two obvious effects on both alloys:one is the microstructure refinement,and the other is that it produces more crystal defects to intensify the seattering of free electrons,leading to a remarkable increase of electrical resistivity,Under the condition that the grain boundary reflection coefficient γ approaches 1,the resistivity of rapidly solidified Co-Sn alloys can be predicted theoretically.     

高碳钢小方坯的一次枝晶臂间距的影响因素

高碳钢小方坯显微凝固组织的研究表明:一次枝晶臂在凝固过程中不断粗化变短;碳含量高,容易形成长宽比小的一次枝晶,并且一次枝晶臂间距增宽,容易形成粗大的柱状晶组织;过热度高,易形成粗大的一次枝晶,一次枝晶臂间距增宽;拉速慢,容易形成细长的一次枝晶,一次枝晶臂间距减少;二次冷却水流量比增加,易形成细长的一次枝晶,一次枝晶臂间距降低.结晶器电磁搅拌可显著降低一次枝晶臂长宽比,并减小一次枝晶臂间距;搅拌电流增加,则一次枝晶臂间距减小效果更明显.     

方坯连铸凝固末端电磁搅拌工艺优化的数值模拟

利用ANSYS和CFX软件建立了描述160mm×160mm方坯连铸凝固末端电磁搅拌过程的数学模型.通过确立钢液黏度与温度的定量关系,考虑凝固时钢液黏度的重要影响,研究了方坯凝固末端糊状区磁场和流场的分布,以及电流强度对凝固前沿钢液最大搅拌速度的影响规律.结果表明:搅拌电流强度每增加100A,铸坯中心磁感应强度增加250×10-4T,切向电磁力增加1933N/m3,最大流速增加69cm/s.现场实验检验结果表明:60#钢凝固末端电磁搅拌器安装位置处液芯半径为344mm,最佳电磁搅拌频率为6Hz,最佳搅拌电流为380A,此时凝固前沿最大流速为165cm/s,铸坯中心碳偏析得到明显改善,中心碳偏析指数为104.     

Rapid dendrite growth in quaternary Ni-based alloys

Dendritic growth is one of the most common micro-structural formation mechanisms during crystal growth. Its morphology provides the kinetics information of crystal growth. Therefore, it is valuable to perform the research on rapid dendrite growth in order…     

三相非平衡线性电磁搅拌改善铸坯凝固组织的分析

采用三相通入不同电流的非平衡线性电磁搅拌技术进行了铸坯的静态浇铸实验,并对电磁搅拌过程中钢液内的电磁力各分量的瞬时值进行了理论分析·结果表明,当采用将电磁搅拌器的三相通入不同电流的非平衡线性电磁搅拌时,在钢液内所产生的电磁力是脉动的,其大小呈周期性变化,尤其是垂直于磁场运动方向上的电磁力,其脉动的幅度很大·由此认为,当采用将搅拌器的三相通入不同电流的非平衡线性电磁搅拌时,所产生的垂直于磁场运动方向上的脉动电磁力是提高等轴晶比率,改善铸坯凝固组织的一个重要原因     

Model prediction of the effect of in-mold electromagnetic stirring on negative segregation under bloom surface

Aiming at the problem of negative segregation under a bloom surface, a coupling macrosegregation model considering electromagnetic field, flow, heat, and solute transport was established based on the volume average method to study the effect of in-mold electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS) on the negative segregation under the bloom surface. In the model, the influence of dendrite structure on the flow and solute transport was described by the change of permeability. The model was validated by the magnetic induction intensity of M-EMS and carbon segregation experiment. The results show that the solute C in the solidified shell in the turbulent zone of the bloom undergoes two negative segregations, whereby the first is caused by nozzle jet, and the second by the M-EMS. The severities of the negative segregation caused by M-EMS at different currents and frequencies are also different, and the larger the current is, or the smaller the frequency is, the more serious will be the negative segregation.With the M-EMS, the solute C distribution in the liquid phase of the bloom is more uniform, but the mass fraction of C in the liquid phase is higher than that without M-EMS.     

大圆坯连铸结晶器电磁偏心搅拌的数值模拟

建立了描述大圆坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌过程电磁场的三维数学模型,并采用实测数据对模型的准确性进行了验证.研究了不同搅拌电流强度和频率下,磁感应强度与电磁力的变化规律,并重点分析了偏心搅拌下磁感应强度和电磁力的分布特点.结果表明:磁感应强度和电磁力均随搅拌电流强度的增大而增强;随着搅拌电流频率的增大,磁感应强度逐渐减弱,而电磁力先增强后减弱,并在2.5 Hz时达到最大值;偏心搅拌时,电磁力在铸坯横截面上仍呈周向分布,但电磁力和磁感应强度的大小都出现了不对称分布,在靠外弧的一侧更大.     

电磁搅拌对钢坯凝固过程中热工参数的影响

采用自行设计的单侧冷却凝固实验装置进行了有无电磁搅拌作用下钢坯的凝固实验,并通过计算机数据采集系统对钢坯凝固过程中的各种热工参数进行了实时测试和分析·研究结果表明:施加电磁搅拌以后,钢坯凝固初期的铸型热流量明显增加,促进了铸型内钢液过热的耗散,使得钢坯内的温度分布趋于均匀,降低了凝固前沿的温度梯度·这不仅抑制了柱状晶的发展,同时易于在钢液内部同时形核,有利于等轴晶凝固组织的形成,使得钢坯的等轴晶比率由无电磁搅拌作用下的47%提高到76%·这也说明了电磁搅拌促进钢液中的过热耗散是提高铸坯凝固组织中等轴晶比率的重要原因之一·     

移动电磁场下低碳钢凝固过程枝晶破碎临界条件

为了探讨移动电磁场对低碳钢凝固过程枝晶破碎的影响,进行了移动电磁场下的0.22%～0.34%C(质量分数)低碳钢浇铸凝固实验.对不同磁感应强度下铸坯凝固组织进行了观察,考察了二次枝晶分布,凝固过程冷却速度与二次枝晶间距的函数关系.同时考察了移动电磁场对铸坯柱状晶向等轴晶转变(CET)位置的影响,并对钢凝固过程CET发生时的凝固速度和固相率进行了计算.导出了移动电磁场下合金凝固过程枝晶破碎的临界条件,并通过低碳钢作实验验证,得到了低碳钢凝固CET发生时临界固相率和液相平均流速之间的关系.     

高品质车轮钢二冷区冷却方式

为了探索高品质低成本车轮钢生产工艺,比较了两种二冷区冷却方式(气雾冷却和全水冷却)对车轮钢铸坯表面温度、凝固组织与宏观偏析的影响.结果表明:两种冷却方式下的二冷区矫直段铸坯表面温度均高于950℃,处于高温塑性区,可避免产生矫直裂纹;两种冷却方式均得到了均匀对称的凝固组织;虽然气雾冷却可略微增加等轴晶比例和降低铸坯中心偏析,但是使铸坯枝晶间距变得较为粗大,并且加重了1/2半径附近处的偏析,对随后的加工和成品的质量更为不利.综合考虑实验结果和生产成本,认为全水冷却方式更适合高品质车轮钢的生产.     

Roles of titanium-rich precipitates as inoculants during solidification in low carbon steel

The effect of titanium on the as-cast structure and the growth form of titanium precipitates, and the effect of cooling rate on the size and distribution of titanium precipitates were studied. It is shown that Ti-rich precipitates acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites play an important role in refining the grain size and increasing the equiaxed grain ratio. Cooling rate has a great effect on the size and distribution of precipitates. The number of precipitates increases and the size decreases with the increase of cooling rate. Ti-rich particles acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites at the onset of solidification are observed in the experiment. This result suggests that TiN nucleated on Ti₂O₃ is an effective inoculant for δ-ferrite during solidification in low carbon steel.     

旋转电磁搅拌时机对GCr15轴承钢凝固组织的影响

通过石墨型铸造研究了旋转电磁搅拌时机对GCr15轴承钢凝固组织的影响.结果表明:在钢液凝固过程的不同时间段施加电磁搅拌,对轴承钢的凝固组织具有显著影响,越早施加电磁搅拌,磁泰勒数(表征磁场作用下强制流动的无量纲数)越大,钢液所受的电磁力越大,越有利于柱状晶向等轴晶转变;在0~05min时间段施加电磁搅拌,铸锭等轴晶率提高了52%.此外,电磁搅拌引起的钢液对流推动了凝固前沿枝晶的折断、熔断和游离,枝晶碎片在强烈对流作用下增殖并被带到熔体心部成为异质核心,凝固前沿的温度梯度减小,成分过冷增大,促进了柱状晶向等轴晶转变.     

熔体温度处理细化亚共晶Al-Si合金组织

利用正交试验的方法对熔体温度处理细化亚共晶Al-Si合金的凝固组织进行了研究，结果表明，经过熔体温度处理后，凝固组织中一次枝晶尺寸明显减小，长的树枝晶变为短的树枝晶或等轴晶，并且枝晶数量明显增多；二次枝晶臂间距变化不明显，从原子团簇的角度分析认为，这是由于高，低温熔体混合后，低温熔体中大的原子团簇得到细化，从而导致混合熔体中形核质点增殖的结果，研究同时发现，高，低温熔体的混合方式对熔体温度处理效果有直接影响，熔体的均匀混合有利于增大熔体凝固过冷度，减小临界晶核半径，促进凝固组织的细化。     

Mechanical properties of directionally solidified lead-antimony alloys

The Pb-17wt% Sb alloy was directionally solidified under two solidification conditions: with different temperature gradients (G=0.93–3.67 K/mm) at a constant growth rate (V=17.50 μm/s) and with different growth rates (V=8.3–497 μm/s) at a constant temperature gradient (G=3.67 K/mm) in a Bridgman furnace. Microstructure parameters, such as primary dendrite arm spacing (λ₁), secondary dendrite arm spacing (λ₂), and dendrite tip radius (R), were measured. The microhardness (Hv) and ultimate tensile strength (σ) of the directional solidification samples were also measured. The influences of solidification and microstructure parameters on Hv and σ were investigated. The results obtained in this work were compared with similar experimental researches in literatures. It is shown that the Hv and σ values increase with the increase of G and V, but decrease with the increase of λ₁, λ₂, and R.     

消除电磁搅拌连铸坯中“白亮带”的试验研究

针对电磁搅拌连铸坯中的“白亮带”问题进行试验研究和理论分析．结果表明：铸坯凝固过程中电磁搅拌引起的钢液运动特点是能否产生“白亮带”的关键．特殊的电磁搅拌方式有效地抑制“白亮带”的产生．     

Rapid solidification of undercooled Al-Cu-Si eutectic alloys

Under the conventional solidification condition, a liquid aluminium alloy can be hardly undercooled because of oxidation. In this work, rapid solidification of an undercooled liquid Al_80.4Cu_13.6Si₆ ternary eutectic alloy was realized by the glass fluxing method combined with recycled superheating. The relationship between superheating and undercooling was investigated at a certain cooling rate of the alloy melt. The maximum undercooling is 147 K (0.18T _E). The undercooled ternary eutectic is composed of α(Al) solid solution, (Si) semiconductor and θ(CuAl₂) intermetallic compound. In the (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic, (Si) faceted phase grows independently, while (Al) and θ non-faceted phases grow cooperatively in the lamellar mode. When undercooling is small, only (Al) solid solution forms as the leading phase. Once undercooling exceeds 73 K, (Si) phase nucleates firstly and grows as the primary phase. The alloy microstructure consists of primary (Al) dendrite, (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectic and (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic at small undercooling, while at large undercooling primary (Si) block, (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectic and (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic coexist. As undercooling increases, the volume fraction of primary (Al) dendrite decreases and that of primary (Si) block increases. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50121101, 50395105) and the Doctorate Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University (Grant No. CX200419)     

High undercooling and rapid dendritic growth of Cu-Sb alloy in drop tube

Droplets of Cu-20%Sb hypoeutectic alloy has been rapidly solidified in drop tube within the containerless condition. With the decrease of droplet diameter, undercooling increases and the microstructures of primary copper dendrite refines. Undercooling up to 207 K (0.17 T _L) is obtained in experiment. Theoretic analysis indicated that because of the broad temperature range of solidification, the rapid growth of primary copper dendrite is controlled by the solutal diffusion. Judging from the calculation of T₀ curve in the phase diagram, it is shown that the critical undercooling of segregationless solidification is δT ₀ = 474 K. At the maximum undercooling of 207 K, the growth velocity of primary copper phase exceeds to 37 mm/s, and the distinct solute trapping occurs.