大圆坯连铸结晶器电磁偏心搅拌的数值模拟

建立了描述大圆坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌过程电磁场的三维数学模型,并采用实测数据对模型的准确性进行了验证.研究了不同搅拌电流强度和频率下,磁感应强度与电磁力的变化规律,并重点分析了偏心搅拌下磁感应强度和电磁力的分布特点.结果表明:磁感应强度和电磁力均随搅拌电流强度的增大而增强;随着搅拌电流频率的增大,磁感应强度逐渐减弱,而电磁力先增强后减弱,并在2.5 Hz时达到最大值;偏心搅拌时,电磁力在铸坯横截面上仍呈周向分布,但电磁力和磁感应强度的大小都出现了不对称分布,在靠外弧的一侧更大.     

凝固末端电磁搅拌和轻压下复合技术对大方坯高碳钢偏析和中心缩孔的影响

基于ANSYS软件建立了310mm×360mm断面大方坯连铸过程二维凝固传热数学模型,并采用窄面射钉试验及铸坯表面测温试验对模型的准确性进行了验证.通过模型研究了过热度、拉速和二冷比水量对铸坯中心固相率以及凝固坯壳分布的影响,并结合高碳耐磨球钢BU的高温拉伸试验结果,确定了最佳的拉速以及最优轻压下压下区间要求.通过工业试验对理论模型进行了验证,并分析研究了拉速对采用凝固末端电磁搅拌(F-EMS)以及凝固末端17mm大压下量的轻压下技术生产310mm×360mm断面大方坯高碳耐磨球钢BU铸坯的偏析和中心缩孔的影响.结果表明:采用凝固末端电磁搅拌和轻压下复合技术,通过调整拉速优先满足轻压下压下区间要求,可显著降低中心偏析、V型偏析及中心缩孔,但如果仅达到凝固末端电磁搅拌位置要求时,则铸坯中心质量不会得到明显改善.拉速为0.52m·min-1且轻压下压下区间铸坯中心固相率为0.30~0.75时,偏析和中心缩孔有很大程度的改善,不合理的压下量分配会引起铸坯出现内裂纹以及中心负偏析.     

等离子束感生磁场对表面冶金的影响

在表面冶金过程中等离子束产生感生磁场,使熔池内液态金属产生对流运动。电磁搅拌可以抑制柱状晶的生长,有利于等轴晶的形成。感生磁场具有电磁净化的作用,可以有效地消除杂质颗粒以及偏析、负偏析和气孔形成的机率。同时感生磁场会促进细小亚稳相、纳米晶以及非晶态固体的生成。     

Centerline Segregation in Continuous Casting Billets

Centerline segregation is of practical significance since it affects the material properties. Centerline segregation in continuous casting billets was studied by solving the fluid flow, solidification, and solute transport equations from the initially liquid steel to the completely solid state using the finite difference method with the SIMPLER algorithm. The results show that the centerline segregation is induced by both the fluid flow in the mushy zone and the accumulation of solute-rich liquid near the solidification front. The species concentration in the center of the strand rises quickly in the mushy region to a maximum at the end of solidification. The most serious segregation occurs along the billet centerline.     

电磁搅拌对铝合金凝固过程的影响

通过对铝合金铸锭在旋转磁场作用下凝固过程中的传热、传质和组织状态的实验研究,分析了旋转运动作用下产生倾斜柱状晶的原因;确定了Al-Cu合金在某一旋转运动条件下产生倾斜柱状晶的溶质含量的临界值和其它一些规律;并分析了电磁搅拌产生特征偏析的原因。     

Effect of M-EMS on the solidification structure of a steel billet

Effects of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) on the solidification structure of 45# steel billet were investigated by examination of interdendritic corrosion. The results show that the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings increase from the edge of the billet to the center and decrease obviously with increasing electromagnetic torque, which will be beneficial to refine the solidification structure and enlarge the equiaxed crystal zone. The ratio of equiaxed crystal increases by 15.9% with the electromagnetic torque increasing from 230 to 400 cN·cm. The increase of stirring intensity can improve the cooling rate and the impact of M-EMS on it reduces from the edge of the billet to the central area, where the cooling rates are similar at different torques. The closer to the central area, the less the influence of M-EMS on the cooling rate is. The ratio of the primary to secondary dendrite arm spacing is approximately 2.0, namely, λ1≈2λ2, and is constant irrespective of the stirring intensity and position of the billet. Original position analysis (OPA) results indicate that the center segregation of the billet is greatly improved, and the more uniform and compact solidification structure will be obtained with the increase of stirring intensity.     

组合电磁搅拌对连铸大方坯内部质量的影响

结合包钢炼钢厂大方坯连铸机上进行的组合电磁搅拌的中试,设计了合理的组合电磁搅拌工艺参数,并分别对结晶器搅拌和组合电磁搅拌作用下铸坯的中心疏松和成分偏析情况进行了对比分析·试验结果表明,组合电磁搅拌工艺可以解决高碳钢连铸坯的中心疏松和成分偏析问题,铸坯中心发生集中缩孔的几率和指数降低·因此正确的连铸工艺和优化的组合电磁搅拌工艺对充分发挥电磁搅拌的作用、提高铸坯内部质量至关重要·     

方坯连铸凝固末端电磁搅拌工艺优化的数值模拟

利用ANSYS和CFX软件建立了描述160mm×160mm方坯连铸凝固末端电磁搅拌过程的数学模型.通过确立钢液黏度与温度的定量关系,考虑凝固时钢液黏度的重要影响,研究了方坯凝固末端糊状区磁场和流场的分布,以及电流强度对凝固前沿钢液最大搅拌速度的影响规律.结果表明:搅拌电流强度每增加100A,铸坯中心磁感应强度增加250×10-4T,切向电磁力增加1933N/m3,最大流速增加69cm/s.现场实验检验结果表明:60#钢凝固末端电磁搅拌器安装位置处液芯半径为344mm,最佳电磁搅拌频率为6Hz,最佳搅拌电流为380A,此时凝固前沿最大流速为165cm/s,铸坯中心碳偏析得到明显改善,中心碳偏析指数为104.     

连铸坯截面尺寸对流动、凝固及溶质分布的影响

采用方坯连铸过程三维紊流、凝固传热及溶质传输的耦合模型,在其他模拟条件相同的情况下,研究铸坯截面尺寸对连铸过程的影响·结果表明,截面尺寸大者,入流速度大,更深浸入铸坯内部,带动较多钢液随之流动,在结晶器上部的紊流程度较高·对于FeC二元合金,由温度和溶质浓度共同决定了凝固坯壳的分布·小截面尺寸铸坯,溶质在各截面上偏析更为严重·其凝固坯壳也较薄,为防止拉漏,应采用长结晶器     

高碳钢连铸坯凝固过程溶质宏观偏析的数值模型

采用FeC二元合金的紊流、凝固传热及溶质传输三维耦合模型,针对铸坯不同碳质量分数对凝固过程溶质分布的影响进行数值模拟,凝固过程以柱状晶生长方式进行,遵循局部热力学平衡·研究发现,与低碳钢相比,高碳钢的凝固坯壳较薄,等温曲线较为光滑,糊状区范围较大·碳质量分数较高的钢种,偏析较轻;而低碳钢,偏析较为严重     

Effect of M-EMS on the solidification structure of a steel billet

Effects of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) on the solidification structure of 45# steel billet were investigated by examination of interdendritic corrosion. The results show that the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings increase from the edge of the billet to the center and decrease obviously with increasing electromagnetic torque, which will be beneficial to refine the solidification structure and enlarge the equiaxed crystal zone. The ratio of equiaxed crystal increases by 15.9% with the electromagnetic torque increasing from 230 to 400 cN·cm. The increase of stirring intensity can improve the cooling rate and the impact of M-EMS on it reduces from the edge of the billet to the central area, where the cooling rates are similar at different torques. The closer to the central area, the less the influence of M-EMS on the cooling rate is. The ratio of the primary to secondary dendrite arm spacing is approximately 2.0, namely, λ₁≈2λ₂, and is constant irrespective of the stirring intensity and position of the billet. Original position analysis (OPA) results indicate that the center segregation of the billet is greatly improved, and the more uniform and compact solidification structure will be obtained with the increase of stirring intensity.     

堆浸过程中溶质运移机制及影响因素

针对堆浸溶质运移过程的复杂性和多变性,以揭示溶质运移规律为目的,首先通过对其运移机制进行探讨,并基于矿堆理想渗流假设给出溶质运移均匀流模型,同时考虑矿堆内可流动溶液和不可流动溶液区的作用及其相互影响,建立溶质迁移流动-不流动模型.采用标记物穿透曲线法,进行溶质运移室内管柱实验,主要研究矿石粒径和喷淋强度对溶质运移规律的影响.研究结果表明;大粒径矿样的孔隙直径和孔隙率均比较大,可流动溶液在大孔隙的传导作用而快速流出,因此,溶质初期浓度升高相对较快;而小粒径矿石比表面积大,不可流动溶液比率大,溶质须通过分子扩散运移进入不可流动溶液区,因此,其浓度上升速度较缓;矿堆内不流动溶液是影响溶质运移规律的主要因素,因此,可通过控制矿石颗粒级配和喷淋强度以优化溶质运移过程.     

晶硅定向凝固过程中熔液流动对溶质分布的影响

定向凝固方法是目前生产太阳能用晶体硅的主要方法。晶硅电池片的质量是影响晶硅电池效率的重要因素之一,而晶硅电池片的质量与硅锭中的溶质含量及分布情况密切相关。该文对定向凝固熔炉中心区域(包括硅、坩埚及石墨支架)建立了二维瞬态分析模型,研究了定向凝固过程中热场分布、溶质分布、液硅流动情况,并分析了熔液流动对溶质分布的影响。结果表明:随时间推进固液界面从平直变成略凹;径向温度梯度产生自然对流浮力,驱动熔液流动形成一个大涡,并随时间流动强度越来越大;在长晶初始阶段,存在明显的溶质边界层,之后受流动影响,溶质分布区域扩大到整个熔液中,并且分布形式与流线形状相似;溶质向界面中心区域聚集。     

铝电解槽磁流体的两相模拟及其界面追踪

采用商业软件ANSYS与CFX相结合的方法,运用有限元及有限体积法与两相流模型对300 kA铝电解槽导电磁流体的铝液、电解质两相湍流流动进行研究,并耦合VOF算法追踪铝液界面波动,模拟计算正常工况及角部换极下的稳态流场。研究结果表明:铝液流场基本呈现为2个大的漩涡,流场计算值与测试值比较接近;而在角部阳极更换后铝液中水平电流密度显著增大;在新阳极下方的铝液中形成较大速度涡旋,对流场的较大扰动导致界面波动幅度增加,极距减小;通过适当提升新极安装高度可增强磁流体的稳定性。     

连铸结晶器电磁搅拌参数对磁场分布的影响

结合连铸过程的实际情况,采用现场实测与数值模拟的方法,研究了连铸Φ250mm圆坯结晶器电磁搅拌电流和频率对磁感应强度和电磁力分布的影响.研究结果表明,数值模拟计算值与现场实测数据基本一致;当电流相同时,随着频率的增加,磁感应强度减小;沿着结晶器方向,电磁力随着频率的增加而增加,且随着频率的增加,最大电磁力增加量减小,但在搅拌器中心对应的径向上,随着频率的增加,电磁力减小;当频率相同时,随着电流强度的增加,钢液内的磁感应强度和电磁力都增加.结合数值模拟的具体结果,电磁搅拌电流和频率为480A,3Hz时,能起到良好的搅拌效果.     

Status and trend of hydrogeological experiments concerning the side-wall flow effect in porous media

Hydrogeological experiments provide an important means to understand groundwater seepage and solute transport problems. Basic hydrogeological parame- ters can be obtained for use in assessing groundwater resources. In current porous-media research, studies of side-wall flow are in a preliminary and qualitative phase, and lack systematic and comprehensive understanding. Side-wall flow refers to the non-uniform infiltration and solute transport that occurs near the seepage device boundary. Flow dynamics depends on the fluid under the specific hydraulic conditions, physical properties and chemical composition, medium permeability, the rough- ness of the side wall, geometric features, and physical chemistry. Such phenomena not only occur in indoor water flows and solute transport, but also under natural conditions in the field. Side-wall flow has features both in common as well as distinct from preferential flows. In porous-media experiments, once side-wall flow commences, it affects the groundwater flow field and chemistry field, resulting in parameter values deviating from actual values. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the influence of side-wail flow, a definition of the side-wall flow effect in porous media is given. Three directions of research are identified concern- ing side-wall flow： the mechanism of the side-wall flows effect, the study of its quantitative impact on seepage flow and solute transport, and the methods and measures that need to be taken in hydrogeological experiments to reduce （or prevent） side-wall flow development.     

大方坯连铸跨结晶器电磁搅拌的数值模拟

借助有限元分析软件ANSYS,在电流为600A,频率为2Hz条件下,对大方坯跨结晶器电磁搅拌进行了数值分析·实验结果和模拟结果对比表明,试验结果和数值模拟结果基本相符·重点分析了不同的电流和频率下,铸坯中心磁场强度和节点电磁力的变化规律,结果表明:铸坯中心磁场强度、节点电磁力随电流增大而增加,也随频率增加而增加,在8Hz时达到最大值·     

二维非稳态晶体生长问题的扰动分析

在晶体生长过程中,由于溶质原子的吸附作用、电磁搅拌等诸多因素的干扰,会在固液平直界面产生扰动,进而影响界面形态.研究了具有凝固平直界面的二维非稳态晶体生长过程,通过稳定流场下的温度场扰动分析,利用摄动方法将问题展开,求出零阶及一阶渐近解并进行讨论,给出解的稳定性条件.结果表明,在扰动条件下,稳定流场中的温度变化沿晶体生长方向呈指数衰减,可为晶体生长的理论研究及实验工作提供一些理论依据.     

垂直连铸凝固过程的数值模拟研究

采用基于Eulerian-Eulerian方法和合金凝固理论的液相-柱状晶-等轴晶三相凝固模型，对立式连铸工艺中结晶器内的凝固过程进行了研究.对比焓-多孔介质凝固模型，除热溶质浮升力导致的熔体流动，该三相凝固模型还考虑了柱状晶组织的生长、等轴晶组织的形成和演变以及游离等轴晶粒的沉浮，揭示了等轴晶沉降漂移作用对宏观溶质传输及凝固组织分布的影响.模拟结果显示铸坯中心处由等轴晶粒沉积形成的富等轴晶区存在溶质负偏析，紧邻该负偏析区域存在带状偏析区域.随着钢液过热度增加，等轴晶分布减少，中心处宏观偏析加重.     

挤压铸造零件沿流程方向的成分偏析及组织偏聚

采用挤压铸造(液态模锻)工艺制备了A357铝合金螺旋线试件,使用化学成分分析和金相分析方法研究了流程长度对合金成分偏析及组织偏聚的影响.结果表明:在沿流程方向上,流程的开始端和流程末端的Si元素和Mg元素含量大于流程中段的含量.合金的初始α晶粒尺寸随着流程长度的增加先增大后变小.初生固相率随着流程长度的增大呈现波动变化.造成流程成分偏析和组织变化的原因是在挤压铸造凝固阶段中补缩液相的强迫运动.