塔东热液地质作用机制及对储层的改造意义

塔东地区断裂发育，早期发育的断裂与晚期断裂之间存在相互改造、叠加、复合的过程，深大断裂沟通多套地层，断裂活动期形成的挤压破碎带和断裂裂缝带作为岩浆热液上升通道，为热液溶蚀作用改造储层提供了有利条件，因此，识别出热液期次对塔东白云岩储层成因机制具有重要意义。通过对钻井岩芯、岩屑及岩石薄片、铸体薄片观察鉴定分析，在区内下古生界碳酸盐岩中识别和发现了钠长石化作用和自生羽毛状伊利石沉淀，也是塔里木盆地内的首次发现，并通过对包裹体均一温度，碳氧同位素等地化特征研究，揭示其成岩流体源于岩浆热液，丰富了区内热液作用的矿物学标志，进一步识别出区内存在3期热液作用，通过对3期热液作用的机制及其储渗空间意义的研究，总结出第I期热液作用对于储层形成意义不大，第Ⅱ期热液作用主要发育在局限的沉积环境，第Ⅲ期热液溶蚀形成溶蚀缝孔洞，与天然气运移聚集匹配良好，构成了区内天然气聚集成藏的主要储渗空间。     

塔东地区寒武系碳酸盐岩成岩作用及储层成因机理

通过岩心观察和薄片鉴定,结合阴极发光实验等方法,研究塔东地区寒武系碳酸盐岩成岩作用及储层形成机理。结果表明:研究区寒武系碳酸盐岩沉积后经历了多种成岩作用的改造,既有对储层孔隙发育具有建设性的(白云化作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用等),又有破坏性的(压实作用、压溶作用、重结晶作用、硅化作用、黄铁矿化作用等)。储层储集空间主要有晶间孔和晶间溶孔、溶蚀孔洞和未充填裂缝空间;储层类型主要有白云岩溶蚀孔隙型和白云岩溶蚀缝孔洞型两类。白云化作用为储层发育提供了基础条件;后期热液溶蚀作用对于储层发育起关键性作用;晚期由于构造破裂作用对于改善储层的储渗性能具有重要意义。白云岩较为发育的斜坡和台地相区与断裂的叠合区域,热液溶蚀和构造破裂更加发育,是研究区寒武系碳酸盐岩优质储层发育的有利区带。     

延安地区马家沟组风化壳型储层孔隙结构及分类评价

风化壳型储层是延安地区重要的储层类型之一,孔、洞、缝是下古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层较常见的储渗空间。基于对鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区风化壳型储层的实例研究,通过岩心描述、扫描电镜、薄片观察、压汞测试及测井分析等手段,结合区域地质资料分析,借鉴鄂尔多斯盆地内相邻气田风化壳型储层的相关研究成果,对延安地区奥陶系风化壳储层岩性特征、孔隙微观结构进行研究,在此基础上开展储层分类与评价。研究表明研究区马五4-马五1亚段的碳酸盐岩经历了沉积成岩-裸露风化-沉积充填-溶蚀改造-埋藏溶蚀等多期地质作用形成了多种孔渗空间,既有原生孔隙,也有次生孔隙。研究区储层的孔渗空间主要为准同生期的晶间孔、表生期及埋藏期的次生孔隙、扩容缝;由于孔渗空间的复杂性,选取孔隙度、渗透率、最大进汞饱和度、门槛压力、分选系数等参数,将储层分为4类,结果表明储层以中低孔、特低渗储层为主。风化壳储层的细分对延安地区下古生界碳酸盐岩天然气勘探具有重要的指导作用。     

靖边气田碳酸盐岩储层沉积-成岩演化模式

 靖边气田主产层次生溶蚀孔洞缝成层连片发育,孔洞缝分布受沉积相和成岩作用双重控制。本文结合98口井岩心观察、1000余块薄片鉴定及多种化验测试资料对储层沉积相、成岩作用进行了系统研究,探讨了储层沉积-成岩演化模式及其对孔洞缝储层发育的控制作用。结果表明,靖边气田储层为蒸发潮坪沉积,并可细分为潮上带泥云坪、膏岩洼地、含膏云坪;潮间带含藻云坪、泥云坪、颗粒滩、潮下带灰坪7种沉积微相;储层埋藏主要经历了白云化、溶解、充填、破裂、交代、压实-压溶、角砾化和重结晶8种成岩作用;储层沉积-成岩演化总体分为沉积同生期、近地表浅埋藏期、抬升风化期和后埋藏期4个阶段;马五1 1 ~马五13 、马五4 1a高孔渗段的形成主要受沉积同生期和抬升风化期溶解作用及含膏云坪、含藻云坪和颗粒滩微相控制,而马五3 2~马五3 3、马五4 1b~马五4 3b、马五5低孔渗段的形成主要受泥云坪、膏岩洼地和灰坪微相控制。     

塔河油田4区岩溶缝洞型储层及其控制因素*

塔河油田4区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层以溶洞、溶孔和裂缝为主,溶洞是最有效的储集体,裂缝次之。基质孔渗性极差,难以构成有效的储集空间。受海西早期构造运动的影响,研究区发育北北东、北北西以及北东向3个方向的裂缝。综合岩芯岩溶特征描述、电子探针元素分析以及同位素分析等方面的研究,发现研究区发育4期岩溶作用,其中加里东中晚期与海西早期的岩溶作用对研究区溶洞的形成起到了重要的控制作用。岩溶地貌控制了缝洞型储集体的分布,处在不同岩溶相带的古水系对缝洞体形态产生影响,断裂及其伴生裂缝增加了地表水及地下水与碳酸盐岩的接触面积和溶蚀范围,使得研究区内放空漏失井90%集中在断裂带附近,断裂带是裂缝与岩溶发育的密集带。     

南堡滩海潜山油藏储集空间类型厘定

根据钻井、测井、录井、岩心描述和化验分析资料,认识到潜山储层主要发育在深水碳酸盐岩开阔台地、局限台地环境,岩性单一,以泥晶灰岩为主.由于缺乏抗压的颗粒组分,压实甚至压溶导致原始粒间孔隙损失殆尽.后期破裂作用和古岩溶作用对储层孔隙发育起决定性作用,形成以裂缝+溶蚀孔洞为主的储集空间.荧光薄片含油显示特征、泥浆漏失、钻井放空、岩心与成像缝洞显示进一步表明有效储集空间主要为裂缝与溶蚀孔洞.相比之下,白云石化作用程度有限,其形成的晶间孔隙仅占次要地位.潜山油井普遍高产、稳产,是裂缝与溶蚀孔洞型储集空间的间接表现.     

济阳坳陷四扣洼陷湖相碳酸盐岩岩溶储层特征及其发育模型

综合利用岩心、薄片、测井、地震等资料,研究四扣洼陷古近系沙河街组四段上亚段湖相碳酸盐岩岩溶作用的类型、特征及其对孔隙分布的控制作用。结果表明:四扣洼陷湖相碳酸盐岩储层经历了同生期、早期近地表、表生期和埋藏期岩溶作用。在礁滩体沉积期,大气淡水选择性溶蚀碳酸盐岩中的不稳定组分形成大量的粒内溶孔和铸模孔;随着湖平面的下降,早期弱固结的礁滩体经历了早成岩近地表岩溶作用,形成大量溶蚀缝、洞,原始结构被破坏,并伴有大量的植物根茎及生物;沙四段沉积期后发育的表生岩溶作用平面影响范围大,岩溶储层主要分布于不整合面之下10 m的深度范围内,单个溶洞由顶部垂直溶蚀带、内部充填角砾岩带和底部弱溶蚀带组成;埋藏岩溶作用主要与有机酸溶蚀碳酸盐岩矿物有关,形成了大量的"蜂窝状"和"针孔状"孔隙。多期溶蚀作用是湖相碳酸盐岩优质储层形成的关键,由岸向湖方向,依次发育表生期岩溶储层—同生期和近地表岩溶储层—复合岩溶储层—埋藏岩溶储层。     

塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组同生喀斯特储层成因分析

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、孔渗测定以及地球化学测试,分析了塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩储层的基本特征及成因.良里塔格组储层主要发育于碳酸盐岩台地边缘的滩相颗粒灰岩中,储集空间类型主要包括粒内溶孔、铸模孔、非组构选择性溶孔、溶洞以及构造缝,属于低孔低渗储层类型.根据铸体薄片、成岩组构特征以及微量元素和碳氧同位素的综合分析,认为这些次生溶蚀孔洞的形成主要与同生喀斯特作用的改造密切相关,台缘滩相颗粒灰岩中的大气水透镜体为储层发育的有利位置.     

自贡地区嘉陵江组台内滩储层特征与主控因素

针对陆表海台内浅滩单滩体规模小、储层厚度薄、非均质性强、平面分布具随机性、地震预测难度大等问题,以四川盆地自贡地区下三叠统嘉陵江组为例,采用岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、物性分析、压汞及测井等多种资料,开展了陆表海台内浅滩型储层基本特征及储层发育主控因素研究,认为陆表海台内浅滩型储层岩性、储集空间类型、孔喉结构及孔渗关系等均存在较大差异,储层非均质性强。指出了台内浅滩型储层为典型的相控型储层,储层发育受多因素联合控制,其中海平面多旋回的震荡变化决定了台内滩单个储集体厚度小、纵向上多期叠置的分布样式,而台地内部次一级微地貌差异决定了台内滩型储层在早期就具有较强的平面非均质性,同生期岩溶作用是台内浅滩型储层主要的溶蚀作用类型,云化作用极大地改善了储层储渗性能,构造破裂及埋藏溶蚀作用进一步优化了储层质量。     

三塘湖盆地卡拉岗组火山岩储层成岩作用*

通过岩芯宏观观察、显微镜下铸体薄片精细观察,讨论了三塘湖盆地卡拉岗组火山岩储层的岩性岩相特征、储集空间发育特征及成岩作用特征,分析了成岩作用类型与孔洞形成机制。结合火山岩岩石化学分析,并依据火山岩成岩变化特征和过程与火山岩储层储集空间形成的相互关系,将三塘湖盆地石炭系火山岩成岩作用归纳为9种类型、4个成岩期或阶段。冷凝结晶固结成岩作用期和埋藏-热液成岩作用期沸石类杏仁体和充填缝是风化壳储层形成的关键物质基础,早期和晚期表生成岩作用期在各类缝的沟通系统内易溶组分的强烈溶蚀作用是风化壳储层形成的关键作用,并由此形成喷发间期风化壳储层和区域构造抬升剥蚀风化壳储层两类风化壳储层。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.