自动驾驶自动紧急制动关键场景测试案例提取研究

为提取自动驾驶自动紧急制动(autonomous emergency braking system, AEB)关键场景测试案例，依据不同抽象程度依次重构符合自然驾驶规律的功能场景、逻辑场景、具体场景，进而对AEB系统展开测试并求解其关键场景。从自然驾驶数据集NGSIM筛选出车辆跟随实例构建出功能场景，基于场景要素构建功能场景，提取出该场景的关键字要素，采用高斯混合模型拟合自然驾驶数据，获得具有概率密度分布的逻辑场景，基于Gibbs抽样的蒙特卡洛方法生成具体测试实例，并通过重要性抽样方法生成关键场景。最后对生成到的关键场景聚类加速场景生成，并对其AEB系统在Prescan仿真软件进行测试。结果表明，AEB系统可对生成的关键场景实现避免碰撞。     

一种基于混合现实的自动驾驶车辆测试方法

针对自动驾驶汽车在复杂环境下的安全性测试问题,提出一种基于混合现实的自动驾驶车辆测试方法。该方法将仿真环境中的虚拟场景映射到真实的测试环境,通过传感器和数据融合快速收集自动驾驶测试车的智能感知和行为决策等性能指标,然后基于混合现实测试场景、控制中心、测试车辆构建闭环测试系统。通过案例验证,说明该方法可满足在多种场景下自动驾驶车辆的测试要求。     

基于类Haar特征和自适应提升算法的前车识别

针对汽车高级驾驶辅助系统（ADAS）中前方车辆识别率低的问题，基于机器视觉原理研究了前方道路图像中的类Haar特征，并进行积分图计算，在提取类Haar特征基础上，采用自适应提升（AdaBoost）算法进行正负样本训练并级联，得到训练好的模型，进而检测和识别汽车行驶中前方车辆。最后基于Opencv计算机视觉库在Visual Studio开发环境中进行了算法实现和测试，结果表明，每帧视频图像识别时间小于40毫秒，检测率准确可靠，满足多场景、多工况下的前方车辆实时识别。     

基于事故序列的自动驾驶汽车事故场景提取与分析

测试场景构建对于评估自动驾驶汽车(autonomous vehicles, AVs)上路运行风险至关重要。 通过收集 2019—2021 年 加州自动驾驶汽车事故报告,首先,将事故序列描述为初始阶段、触发事件、应对动作和碰撞阶段的组合,并从事故报告中提 取序列构成基础测试场景。 其次,通过序列比对算法衡量序列之间的不相似度。 最后,使用聚类分析方法得到 9 类场景组及 其典型场景。 频率分析表明最具有代表性的事故模式为 AV 停止后被后方直行的车辆接触。 交叉表分析表明场景组与衡量 事故结果和描述道路环境的变量显著相关。 研究方法为 AV 事故场景提取和分类提供新思路,研究结果对了解 AV 事故模式 具有参考价值。     

无交通信号路口行人过街的人车交互过程研究

自动驾驶汽车要进入人车混行的无交通信号路口，需确保与行人之间的交互安全，为解决这一问题，现以非自动驾驶汽车为研究对象，探索其与行人在无交通信号路口的交互过程。本文选取北京市内两处无交通信号灯的路口作为研究场景进行长期拍摄，基于视频数据从中提取行人的个体属性变量、行人的穿越行为变量、车辆的穿越行为变量以及间隙数据，将行人的过街行为分为穿越前、中两个阶段进行研究。结果表明，穿越阶段对行人的穿越时间具有显著性影响，穿越路口对行人的穿越时间不具有显著性影响。对于穿越前的等待时间，在有右转车道下对其具有影响的因素有行人的拒绝车辆个数和来自方向，在无右转车道下对其具有影响的因素有行人的拒绝车辆个数和起始位置。对于穿越中的穿越时间，在有无右转车道下对其具有影响的因素均为穿越人数和车辆1的行为。今后自动驾驶汽车行驶到无交通信号路口时，可以通过此结果去识别行人，并判断出行人的穿越时间，以便及时做出相应的措施。     

基于情感强度的自动驾驶车辆决策机制探究

随着自动驾驶技术的逐渐成熟,传统人工驾驶车辆和自动驾驶车辆之间的混行将成为常态。为使车辆安全高效行驶,自动驾驶车辆的决策机制须与人类决策一致。危险工况下的驾驶决策复杂,紧张恐惧等情感也是驾驶决策不可忽视的因素。以一典型危险场景为例,利用虚拟驾驶实验还原场景,对场景内驾驶决策的影响因素进行分析,建立了包括情感强度等输入指标的改进PSO-LSSVM驾驶决策模型,探究情感强度对驾驶决策的影响。结果表明,在决策模型中加入情感强度指标可提高预测准确率。     

考虑操纵稳定性的自动驾驶汽车轨迹综合优化方法

针对自动驾驶汽车在局部轨迹规划上对车辆操纵稳定性考虑不足、对车辆模型过度简化和缺少对车辆舒适性客观评价的问题,建立了考虑车辆操纵稳定性的车辆三自由度模型,模拟自动驾驶汽车换道场景,根据输入车轮转角得到输出的换道轨迹,运算得到车辆换道行驶参数化方程和行驶轨迹特征.运用BP神经网络对行驶轨迹特征进行识别,得到自动驾驶汽车换道持续时间和横向偏移距离所对应的车轮转角变化关系.在不同换道车速下,根据不同换道持续时间和横向偏移距离,输入车轮转角得到换道优化轨迹簇和操纵稳定性参数.在只考虑行驶效率和安全的常规轨迹优化方法的基础上,构建轨迹综合优化目标函数,考虑表征车辆换道过程舒适性和操纵稳定性的(横摆、侧倾、侧向)加速度变化率均值,提出一种基于行驶效率、安全性、舒适性和操纵稳定性的轨迹综合优化方法.对轨迹综合优化目标函数进行求解得到最优换道行驶轨迹,联合仿真结果表明该方法优于常规轨迹优化方法且舒适性、操纵稳定性改善达20%以上.     

虚幻4驾驶模拟器设计和驾驶员特性分析

深入研究人类驾驶员的驾驶行为和特性,对推动智能汽车向高度自动驾驶发展具有重要意义。采用驾驶模拟器研究驾驶员在复杂交通场景下的驾驶决策和驾驶行为,成为近年来的一个研究热点。基于虚幻四引擎UE4交互式视景仿真技术,通过车辆、道路、建筑、交通灯、行人、路牌等交通元素的驾驶视景仿真环境搭建,开发了CarSim汽车动力学模型和罗技G29力反馈方向盘踏板的具有高拟真度人机交互的驾驶模拟系统。并设计了典型工况下的驾驶模拟试验,通过实时采集驾驶员驾驶数据,对驾驶员特性进行研究。研究结果表明:该驾驶模拟器具有逼真的驾驶体验,利用模糊C聚类算法(FCM,fuzzy C-means),将驾驶员特性进行准确分为6个聚类,可以将驾驶员特性进行准确分类,确立驾驶员特性与驾驶能力的关联,为进一步建立实时驾驶权分配研究奠定了基础。     

考虑交互轨迹预测的自动驾驶运动规划算法

针对自动驾驶汽车运动规划中预测周围交通态势的问题,提出一种考虑周围车辆间交互轨迹预测的运动规划算法.首先,针对结构化道路信息,构建改进社会力模型,对自动驾驶汽车周围的车辆行驶轨迹进行预测.其次,在Frenet坐标系下采样生成轨迹集合,将轨迹集合和预测轨迹投影到时空占用图上,计算投影点之间的最短距离进行碰撞检查,并结合加速度、曲率检查对轨迹进行筛选以得到候选轨迹.然后,构建代价函数对筛选过的候选轨迹进行评估得到最优运动轨迹.最后,不同行驶场景中的仿真结果表明,该运动规划算法能提前决策驾驶行为,规划出的速度曲线更加平稳,运动轨迹的安全性、舒适性和行驶效率更高.     

面向自动驾驶的驾驶环境视觉感知复杂度量化评估方法

为优选自动驾驶汽车开放测试、示范道路并支撑其驾驶环境的优化,提出面向自动驾驶的驾驶环境视觉感知复杂度量化评估方法。以百度街景地图作为驾驶环境数据源,运用脚本文件以及截图工具PicPick搭建自动化街景图像数据提取平台,并在不同区域、不同道路等级下采集上海市50条典型道路的驾驶环境数据;从行人、交通标志、交通标线、红绿灯、车辆5方面出发,构建驾驶环境要素感知平台,并开展感知精度的量化评估;在单要素感知准确率的基础上,采用熵权法确定多维感知要素权重,计算各道路综合感知准确率,并应用轮廓系数法与K-means++聚类算法进行视觉感知复杂度分级。结果表明,上海市典型道路的驾驶环境视觉感知复杂度分为三级,大部分道路的视觉感知复杂度属于2级;对比不同等级道路发现,支路的视觉感知复杂度总体上低于主干路。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

<正>~~     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to