隧道列车着火后行驶速度对热释放速率的影响

隧道火灾中,列车着火的可能性较大,着火后的应急处置办法是尽量带火运行到前方车站.文中以向前行驶的隧道列车火灾为研究对象,应用槽道科特流、传热传质和燃烧反应动力学理论,结合缩尺火灾模型试验,研究了列车在着火后继续在隧道内行驶时,隧道列车环形空间内的回风风量、隧道内的活塞风效应及其对火灾燃烧特性的影响,给出了回风风量的表达式,建立了火灾热释放速率与列车运行速度的关系模型,得到了使得火灾强度维持在较低水平的列车合理运行速度——48 km/h.研究成果和方法可为隧道列车火灾的应急救援设计提供理论依据和指导.     

着火列车在隧道内行驶的烟气温度特性研究

地铁隧道火灾中,以列车着火的可能性较大,着火后的应急处置办法是尽量带火运行到前方车站.依据1/8缩尺模型实验结果,利用计算流体力学STAR-CD软件的动网格功能,通过求解N-S方程,对列车着火后继续向前行驶的过程中的流场特性进行了研究,分析了不同列车行驶速度和火源热释放速率对隧道内温度分布的影响,得到列车携带火源在隧道内行驶时烟气温度的分布规律和列车行驶速度对烟气温度场特性的影响.结果表明:在着火列车继续向前行驶的过程中,隧道顶棚处温度最高,沿隧道高度向下逐渐降低,且烟气没有扩散至隧道高度2 m以下的范围;列车行驶速度越大,隧道两侧的烟气扩散的速度越快,蔓延的范围也越大;若车内的人员保持在1.375 m高度以下,可以保证生命安全.研究结果对于地铁列车着火后继续在隧道中行驶时的安全研究具有一定的参考作用.     

地铁列车着火后在隧道内行驶的安全速度

地铁列车着火后在隧道内行驶的安全性对火灾应急救援具有重要意义,而行驶速度是决定着火列车安全性的关键因素.文中以热释放速率为0~10MW的火灾为原型,在1∶8的隧道模型内进行列车火灾模型实验.经过相似变换的模型火灾的热释放速率为0~55 kW.采用正庚烷为燃料,利用变频风机提供的流场模拟列车在隧道中的运动情况.通过测定不同行驶速度、着火部位及火源位置时,风速与火灾热释放速率的关系、列车周围的温度场以及火灾烟气蔓延规律,并以北京地铁为例,得到着火列车在隧道内行驶的最佳速度为41.83 km/h.     

列车着火后继续在隧道中行驶的烟气特性

保障隧道列车着火后继续向前行驶的安全性是火灾应急救援的目标.文中采用计算流体动力学方法,使用STAR-CCM+软件的滑移网格功能,研究了不同列车行驶速度和火源热释放速率对隧道内烟气特性的影响,得到列车携带火源在隧道内行驶时烟气温度的分布规律和最佳行驶速度.结果表明:隧道列车着火后继续向前行驶时,存在一个使温度达到最低的最佳行驶速度50km/h;当列车运行速度恒定时,火灾热释放速率越大,人眼高度处的最高温度也越高;热释放速率恒定时,最高温度随着列车行驶速度的增大先减小后增大,呈开口向上的抛物线形状;随着着火列车向前运行,列车车顶进风口的最高温度逐渐上升,在隧道横断面的中性面上,最高温度值有较大的振荡;在隧道内340 m处温度最低,但是也达到了166.45℃.列车顶部区域的温度过高,可能会被烧毁性破坏,因此可考虑在列车着火后继续向前运动的同时给隧道通风,以降低环形空间的温度.     

地铁列车着火后在隧道内行驶的安全速度的实验研究

地铁列车着火后在隧道内行驶的安全性对隧道列车火灾的应急救援有非常重要的影响。列车着火后的行驶速度是决定其安全性的关键因素。由于客观原因,难以进行全尺寸试验,故在1:8的隧道模型内设置相同比例的列车模型,进行列车火灾模型实验。原型火灾热释放速率为0510 MW,在模型上加入经过相似变换的荷载,采用正庚烷为燃料,利用变频风机提供的流场模拟列车在隧道中运动的流场。通过测定在不同的行驶速度、着火部位及火源位置的条件下,风速与火灾热释放速率的关系、火焰扩展和烟气蔓延规律、列车周围的温度场以及火灾烟气逆流情况,研究并提出了着火列车在隧道内行驶的最佳速度,为隧道列车火灾的研究和防治提供了一定参考。     

矿井活塞风效应数值模拟

为研究活塞风对矿井通风系统的影响,运用Fluent移动参考网格建立数值分析模型,分析电机车牵引矿车在矿井井巷中运动时的矿井活塞风效应。结果表明:列车行驶前方为增压减速区,区内压力随距离的增大而减小,风速随距离的增大而增大。列车行驶后方先后存在减压增速区和增压减速区,两区内风速均随距离的增大而减小,减压增速区内压力随距离的增大而增大,增压减速区内压力随距离的增大先后存在一个增压和减压区。列车行驶前方和后方,风速和压力平面影响面积均随距离的增大而增大。列车中前部矿车活塞风风速较大。矿车内尾部、底部活塞风效应较强。     

列车运行引起的高寒地区隧道内活塞风效应研究

对于高寒区隧道,列车运行产生活塞风会影响隧道内空气与衬砌围岩之间的对流换热,进而影响隧道结构的安全性和使用寿命.结合高寒地区隧道工程实例,运用动网格技术真实地模拟了列车进入隧道、在隧道中持续运行和驶出隧道的全过程,对列车以现行速度运行、快速运行、高速运行时在隧道内引起空气动力学效应进行了研究,分析了活塞风风速的变化规律,得到了列车头部进入隧道和列车尾部离开隧道的时间段内隧道内活塞风风速和列车速度之间的关系.结果表明,无论是列车头部刚驶入隧道时刻还是列车尾部离开隧道的时刻,隧道内的活塞风风速总是随着列车运行速度的增大而增大,为高寒地区高速铁路修建提供参考.     

城际铁路隧道列车风特性及对人员安全的影响分析

采用数值模拟方法,对列车在城际铁路隧道内运行过程中所产生的列车风变化过程进行分析,计算CRH2流线型列车在隧道内运行时,隧道内沿纵向不同位置列车风最大风速,进一步探讨隧道内列车风纵向和横向分布特性,并参考相关标准分析隧道内轨侧疏散通道、轨下疏散通道进行人员疏散时的安全性.结果表明:车头风速梯度很大,且在车头侧面空间出现风速转向,环隙空间内气流流动为典型的Couette湍流流动和Poiseuille湍流流动的叠加,车尾风速最大,对轨侧人员安全最为不利;CRH2流线型车以200km/h速度运行时,轨侧疏散通道最大风速17.2 m/s,轨下疏散通道口及通道内最大风速分别为15.2和9.5 m/s.按照16.9 m/s风速标准进行判断,人员可从轨下疏散通道进行疏散.     

隧道活塞风速计算方法及其影响因素分析

针对隧道内活塞风会对安全门和广告灯箱等引起破坏的问题,开展了地铁单线无风井和有风井两种形式的隧道空气动力学特性分析,建立了隧道各断面之间的一维伯努利方程和流体连续性方程,研究了不同形式隧道下活塞风速的理论计算模型. 并使用SES软件建立其仿真模型对计算模型的结果进行验证, 重点研究了对活塞风速影响的主要因素.结果表明:隧道内活塞风速与列车速度、列车长度和列车外表面光洁度等成正比例关系,而活塞风井高度、断面面积和风井位置等参数对活塞风速影响不大.所提出的计算模型可用于实际工程中活塞风速的简便计算.     

地铁区间隧道火灾烟气流动控制的数值模拟及分析

以广州地铁某矩形截面的区间隧道为研究对象,假设当一列车在隧道内发生火灾时,根据列车停泊的哪位置和火灾的部位,立即启动列车后方车站的隧道风机向隧道内送风,启动前方车站的隧道风机排风,在隧道内形成一股与行车方向相同的气流,带走火灾烟气至前方车站的活塞风井而排至室外.采用PHOENICS 3.5软件模拟在此通风模式下,火灾发生60 s、180 s和360 s时隧道内烟气的温度和浓度的分布状况.模拟结果表明:在此通风模式下,烟气全部流向下游隧道,没有发生逆流(即烟气向上游人员疏散的方向流动)现象,乘客可以迎着新鲜空气疏散到安全地带.因此,此通风措施得当,人员疏散方案正确.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.