吉林省前郭灌区表层土壤有机氯农药残留水平及生态风险评估

本研究以东北四大灌区之一的前郭灌区农田土壤为研究对象,选用GC/ECD对该地区表层农田土壤中有机氯农药(Organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)中滴滴涕类(DDTs)和六六六类(HCHs)进行分析,并探讨其组成特征和来源。结果表明,前郭灌区表层土壤受OCPs污染较为严重,γ-HCH、p,p'-DDT和o,p'-DDT为本区域OCPs的主要残留物。土壤HCHs的污染历史较长,HCHs残留以α-HCH和γ-HCH为主;大部分采样点P,P'-DDT/(P,P'-DDD+P,P'-DDE)大于1,表明前郭灌区土壤中的DDTs仍有新源输入。生态风险评估结果表明,HCHs对土壤生物的生态风险较低,而DDTs对于土壤中的鸟类消费者具有一定的生态风险。     

吉林省中北部农田土壤有机氯农药的残留特征

通过对吉林省长春、 德惠、 扶余、 公主岭和永吉区域内典型农田土壤进行网格法布点采样, 分析土壤中有机氯农药的残留及在农田土壤中的分布状况, 并探讨有机氯农药残留物的组成及其分布和来源. 结果表明: 研究区域内六六六类（HCHs）和滴滴涕类（DDTs）农药残留检出率较高, 总有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留范围为1.45~83.88 ng/g, HCHs的总质量比为1.17～27.83 ng/g, DDTs农药的总质量比为1.45～81.75 ng/g; OCPs总体分布为长春>公主岭>永吉>德惠>扶余. OCPs的总量与总有机碳（TOC）呈显著的正相关关系; 长春、 德惠、 公主岭和永吉土壤中α-HCH/γ-HCH的平均值为0.37, 即大部分采样点可能有大量林丹（γ-HCH）输入; 除公主岭外, 各采样点的P,P′ DDT/（P,P′-DDD+P,P′-DDE）平均值都小于1, 即土壤中的DDTs类物质主要来自历史残留物, 公主岭部分点位可能受到工业DDTs的影响; 长春区域污染明显高于其他区域; 六六六类以γ-HCH为主要污染物, 滴滴涕类以P,P′-DDT为主要污染物.     

大沽排污河内持久性有机氯农药的检测

为调查大沽排污河表层底泥持久性有机氯农药(OCPs)污染状况以及河流流动后水体中溶解态、悬浮态OCPs的时空分布,研究了前处理方法对检测的影响,结果表明,超声波萃取和索氏萃取两种方法萃取底泥中的HCB、α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDD、o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDT的萃取效果相当.选定超声波萃取方法后,继而对比了不同萃取剂、不同超声波萃取时间及不同洗脱液用量对回收率的影响,结果表明,正己烷-二氯甲烷萃取效果最好,最佳萃取时间为90 min,洗脱剂用量为20 mL.并分析了大沽排污河上12个站位的表层底泥以及从开闸到闭闸期间万年桥站位河水中OCPs浓度变化,结果表明,表层底泥中的HCHs、DDTs分别为12.50~99.65 ng/g和1.56~46.26 ng/g,HCB浓度为17.50~189.13 ng/g;河流流动造成底泥悬浮是导致大沽排污河水体持久性OCPs浓度增高的因素,残留有OCPs的底泥是河流水体中持久性OCPs的主要来源之一.     

密云水库水源保护区土壤六六六和滴滴涕的残留特征研究

以密云水库水源保护区为研究区域,对采集的223个表层土壤样品开展了有机氯农药残留浓度的测定,并对其污染特征、空间分布、影响因素、污染来源及生态风险进行了探讨.结果表明,研究区域内HCHs和DDTs的总量变化范围分别在ND-2.10ng/g和ND-526ng/g之间,γ-HCH、p,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDT的检出率较高.HCHs和DDTs在空间上的分布呈现带状和离散性分布特征,浓度极值出现在人口密集和农业发达的地区.土地利用方式和土壤理化性质均会对HCHs和DDTs的分布产生较大影响,其中耕地残留量最高,土壤p H值影响最大.HCHs和DDTs主要来源于早期残留、大气的干湿沉降及近期的农药输入等.与国内外其他类似区域表层土壤相比,密云水库保护区土壤有机氯农药处于中等偏低水平,区域内总体生态风险较小,个别点位可能存在潜在生态风险.     

有机氯农药污染场地的健康风险评价

以某农药污染场地为评价对象,经2次布点采样,土壤样品分析结果与美国EPA通用土壤筛选基准(SSLs)对比确认该场地土壤主要受到六六六(HCHs)(α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH,δ-HCH)、滴滴涕(DDT)、滴滴伊(DDE)和滴滴滴(DDD)有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染,并且HCHs的残留量为从低于0.01mg/kg到508mg/kg,DDTs残留水平为从低于0.01mg/kg到390mg/kg.HCHs的残留水平要高于DDTs.β-HCH和DDD为优势污染物.该场地地下水样品分析结果表明地下水没有受到OCPs的污染.使用RBCAtool kit 2.5软件进行健康风险的计算,得出95%置信上限浓度对应的人体健康风险值.计算结果表明该场地有机氯农药的单一致癌风险值超过了1×10-6,并且表层污染物累加致癌风险值超过了1×10-4.     

Monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in the urban air of Dalian,China with semipermeable membrane devices

The concentrations of 28 organochlorine pesti- cides （OCPs） in the urban air of Dalian, China were measured using semipermeable membrane devices （SPMDs） for the first time. Alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane （α-HCH）, β-HCH, pentachlorobenzene （PentCB）, hexachlorobenzene （HexCB）, 4,4＇-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （4,4＇-DDT）, 4,4＇- dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, endosulfan-I and endosul- fan-Ⅱ were the predominant OCPs in the urban air of Dalian. The concentration of OCPs sequestrated by SPMDs （CSPMD） ranged from undetected to 56,772 pg SPMD-1 and had a linear correlation with the reciprocal of the average ambient atmospheric temperature （1/T）. The CSPMD of PentCB and HexCB had negative correlations with T, whereas the other detected OCPs had a positive correlation. The source of HCHs, DDTs, HexCB, PentCB, chlordane, and endosulfan in the air were also evaluated. The OCPs in the urban air of Dalian could be attributed to the seasonal usage of pesticides,combustion, volatilization of aged OCPs from soil, water, plants, and long-range atmospheric transport.     

气质联用对贵州省几种中成药物中的OCPs代谢产物残留的分析

实验利用气相色谱—质谱联用仪器,分别对贵阳市出产的银翘散等12种中成药物中的8种OCPs(organo-chlorine pesticides)(包括:α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p’-DDE、o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDD、p,p’-DDT)进行了定量检测。实验结果:样品总体上受有机氯农药污染的水平较低,但部分样品中OCPs的浓度较高,需引起注意。     

成都市蔬菜种植地土壤中有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

采用GC-ECD检测、GC/MS-MS确证的方法分析成都市14个区县蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药（OCPs）残留水平、分布特征及可能存在的生态风险.结果表明：不同样点间OCPs残留量差异较大（20.18-104.33μg.kg^-1）,近郊区县远低于边缘区县;被检出的18种OCPs中,DDTs与HCHs检出率最高（100%）...     

唐河地下水有机氯农药(OCPs)的分布特征及风险评估

为评估雄安新区唐河污水库周边地下水有机氯农药(OCPs)污染状况, 对2019年采集的36个地下水样品中OCPs进行分析, 初步确定六氯环己烷(HCHs)和双对氯苯基三氯乙烷(DDTs)的组成特征和来源, 并对其健康风险进行评价。结果表明: 1) 唐河地下水OCPs污染程度较轻, OCPs总量为nd~45.60 ng/L, 检出率为77.78%, HCHs贡献最大, 与 2018 年完成的唐河污水库一期生态治理工程有关; 2) 唐河地下水中 HCHs和DDTs主要来自历史残留, HCHs主要来源于农业, DDTs在地下水体中主要产生好氧代谢产物DDE; 3) 唐河地下水OCPs致癌风险与非致癌风险均较低, 婴儿为敏感受体, 总体上对人体健康不构成威胁。     

道路灰尘中有机氯农药的污染特征

系统探讨了新乡市道路灰尘中有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量、分布,解析了道路灰尘中OCPs的来源,评价了新乡市道路灰尘中OCPs的生态风险.结果表明,新乡市道路灰尘中16种OCPs的总量范围为2.37⁷24.74ng/g,平均含量为155.54ng/g.DDTs,HCB,HCHs是新乡市道路灰尘中检出的主要OCPs,检出率均为100%,含量分别为32.26ng/g(1.09724.74ng/g,平均含量为155.54ng/g.DDTs,HCB,HCHs是新乡市道路灰尘中检出的主要OCPs,检出率均为100%,含量分别为32.26ng/g(1.09¹65.31ng/g),114.96ng/g(0.58165.31ng/g),114.96ng/g(0.58⁶93.28ng/g),4.51ng/g(0.36693.28ng/g),4.51ng/g(0.36¹4.10ng/g),占总OCPs的比例分别为39.07%,45.16%,10.98%.通过对HCHs,DDTs,氯丹组成特征的分析,表明新乡市道路灰尘中的OCPs主要来源于历史上OCPs的使用.根据沉积物风险评估值,新乡市道路灰尘中的OCPs存在较高的生态风险.     

鄱阳湖康山沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征及风险评估

分析了鄱阳湖康山沉积物中的有机氯农药残留情况,发现样品中DDT及其代谢产物、HCH的异构体和六氯苯部分被检出。其中δ-HCH、γ—HCH、β-HCH的残留水平最高,平均值分别达到0．42．g／g、0．35ngg和0．27g／g（干重）,沉积物的HCHs含量明显高于DDTs。有机氯农药的主要来源为地表径流入湖、大气沉降和工业污水排放。根据风险评估值进行对比,鄱阳湖沉积物中有机氯农药的生态风险较低。     

鄱阳湖沉积物中主要有机氯农药的残留特征

本研究采集的沉积物样品中均能检测到HCH、DDT等有机氯农药,但不同种地区的沉积物,农药含量差异较大,且湖泊沉积物中有机氯农药残留普遍存在。分析结果表明：HCHs来源于林丹,DDTs主要代谢产物为DDE,HCB残留难以降解。     

Feasibility of poplar foliages as bio-monitors for organochlorine pesticides in air

The feasibility of poplar (P. tomentosa) foliages as passive biomonitors for organochlorine pesticides in air was explored. The accumulation patterns of poplar foliages for HCHs, DDTs and HCB were similar, the amount of HCHs, DDTs and HCB increased with foliage growth in spring, and decreased thereafter. There was no obvious distinction in the accumulation styles between the adult leaf and the leaf-litter. This accumulation pattern is likely related to the growing process of the poplar foliage, and was observed for the first time in our work, giving an evidence for the “bud burst effect” in plants. The technical HCH and DDT were used largely in history and not used in recent years, but there was a little usage of lindane and new input of o,p’-DDT in recent years, and dicofol usage may be the main source of o,p’-DDT. Concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB in poplar foliages were similar to those in pine needles at the corresponding period, and there is a positive strong correlation between OCP concentration data of two kinds of trees. It presents no difference in the accumulation style between two kinds of trees. The level of OCPs in the poplar foliage reflected the pollution status of OCPs in air. The result of this work showed that the poplar foliage can be used as the bio-monitor of OCPs in air. Supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2003CB415003)     

舟山市无公害蔬菜基地土壤环境质量评价

对舟山市无公害蔬菜基地土壤中的Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、HCHs、DDTs的含量进行了测定,以国家标准《农产品安全质量:无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》(GB/T 18407.1-2001)中土壤环境质量标准值为依据,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价了土壤环境质量。结果显示,Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、HCHs、DDTs的含量均低于无公害蔬菜产地要求的土壤质量指标值,说明土壤质量满足无公害蔬菜的生产。污染指数评价结果显示,7个监测项目的单因子污染指数均小于1.0,表明土壤未受到污染;个别蔬菜基地的综合污染指数值略大于0.7,污染程度达到警戒线,其余均小于0.7,说明舟山无公害蔬菜基地土壤环境质量整体上处于安全级别。     

Irrigation-induced pollution of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in paddy field ecosystem of Liaohe River Plain, China

In order to assess the influence of long-term irrigation of polluted river water on the ecological health of the rice fields in the low reach of Liaohe River Plain,a series of environmental samples and biological samples in rice fields,including sediments,paddy soils,mitten-handed crabs(Eriocheir sinensis),loaches(Misgurnus anguillicaudatu) and frog(Hoplobatrachus tigerinus),were collected from the area far away from industrial zones,and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides(HCH,DDT,HCB and Mirex) were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry(HRGC/HRMS).The comparison of pollutant concentrations and profiles verified that the significant contribution of river water irrigation to PCBs contaminations in paddy soils and the mutual influence of organochlorine pesticide contamination between river sediments and paddy soils.Bioaccumulations of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in mitten-handed crabs and loaches were site-specific,suggested that they were both the good indicators of ecosystem health.Mitten-handed crabs had the highest capacity to accumulate PCBs and organochlorine pesticides,and also they had the strong ability to degrade these pollutants in their bodies,especially for DDT and HCH.The biota-soil accumulation factors(BSAF) of ΣH CH,ΣDDT,Mirex,HCB and ΣP CBs in mitten-handed crab were calculated to be 24.5,15.3,122.2,28.1 and 54.6,respectively.In view of the strong bioaccumulation ability,the health risk should be concerned for the cultivation of mitten-handed crabs in paddy fields in the low reach of Liaohe River Plain.     

太湖周边土壤中8种有机氯杀虫剂残留状况研究

通过现场采集的环太湖周边35个土壤表层的样品,利用ASE萃取技术,使用GC/MS方法测定了样品中的六氯苯、氯丹、滴滴涕类物质（∑DDTs）、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯和灭蚁灵。结果表明,太湖周边土壤中六氯苯、∑DDTs的检出率分别为100%、97.1%,狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、灭蚁灵未检出。总有机氯杀虫剂平均含量为68.9μg.kg^-1。其中∑DDTs占97.6%,是太湖周边土壤中有机氯杀虫剂的主要成分,其残留来源有历史造成的,也有最近施用含滴滴涕杀虫剂造成的。六氯苯是太湖周边土壤中普遍存在的一类持久性有机污染物,但残留量很低。