道路灰尘中有机氯农药的污染特征

系统探讨了新乡市道路灰尘中有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量、分布,解析了道路灰尘中OCPs的来源,评价了新乡市道路灰尘中OCPs的生态风险.结果表明,新乡市道路灰尘中16种OCPs的总量范围为2.37⁷24.74ng/g,平均含量为155.54ng/g.DDTs,HCB,HCHs是新乡市道路灰尘中检出的主要OCPs,检出率均为100%,含量分别为32.26ng/g(1.09724.74ng/g,平均含量为155.54ng/g.DDTs,HCB,HCHs是新乡市道路灰尘中检出的主要OCPs,检出率均为100%,含量分别为32.26ng/g(1.09¹65.31ng/g),114.96ng/g(0.58165.31ng/g),114.96ng/g(0.58⁶93.28ng/g),4.51ng/g(0.36693.28ng/g),4.51ng/g(0.36¹4.10ng/g),占总OCPs的比例分别为39.07%,45.16%,10.98%.通过对HCHs,DDTs,氯丹组成特征的分析,表明新乡市道路灰尘中的OCPs主要来源于历史上OCPs的使用.根据沉积物风险评估值,新乡市道路灰尘中的OCPs存在较高的生态风险.     

基于灰色系统理论的大连城市建设用地需求预测

建设用地既是城市发展的基础,也是区域实现城市化的基本物质保障,而城市建设用地需求量的预测则是城市土地利用的重要依据.基于灰色系统模型对城市建设用地驱动因子进行关联分析,建立GM(1,1)模型和灰色线性回归模型对大连市各个类型建设用地规模及城市建设用地总规模做出预测.认为大连市建设用地规模的变动受到人口、经济和社会等各个方面因素影响,非农人口数量的增加是影响大连城市建设用地增长的最主要因素.预测结果显示,2012—2020年大连市各个类型的建设用地呈现平稳增长趋势,城市建设用地总规模呈现较大幅度变动,但其增长的范围仍在土地利用规划控制目标范围以内.     

Concentrations and source identification of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils from Wolong Natural Reserve

In order to understand the distribution profile, composition characteristics and sources of OCPs, soil samples collected from Wolong Natural Reserve (WNR) in spring and autumn in 2005 were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Results showed that all OCPs concentrations were in the range of 10?2 ng/g―10?1 ng/g, representing the background level in those remote sites. Generally, their concentrations were slightly higher in spring than in autumn, which could be exp...     

Contamination trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in sediments from Dagu Drainage River estuary, Tianjin

Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs）, organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） and heavy metals in two sediment cores, taken from the Dagu Drainage River, were determined. The contamination trends of these three kinds of compounds were obtained. The results showed that concentrations of PBDEs increased in recent years; there were new contamination sources for OCPs in this area; contamination levels of heavy metals had no significant change in the last several years. Comparing the results of these two cores, erosion and dilution of seawater had different effects on the transportation of these compounds.     

气相色谱法快速测定土壤中9种有机氯农药残留量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定土壤中9种有机氯农药残留量的方法。方法:样品经有机溶剂超声提取,硫酸净化;OV-1701毛细管柱对9种有机氯农药进行分离,电子捕获检测器检测。结果:样品的平均回收率为84.7%~117.1%,RSD为3.36%~7.65%;所测定样品有机氯农药残留量均低于土壤环境质量标准(GB/T 14550-93)。结论:本方法快速、简便、准确,可用于土壤中9种有机氯农药的测定。     

Concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs in the urban air of Dalian, China

PCDD/Fs in the urban air of Dalian,China were monitored with high-volume active sampler from November 2009 to October 2010.The concentration of Cl 4-8 DD/Fs ranged from 3065 to 49538 fg m-3,with an average of 10249 fg m-3.The international toxic equivalents(I-TEQ) value of that was 61.8 1182 fg m-3,with an average of 235 fg m-3,which was comparable to those in the other urban locations around the world.It was found that the Cl 4 8 DD/Fs appeared to be present mainly in the particle phase during winter,spring and autumn,while during summer which were dominantly in gas phase.The ratio of Cl 4-8 DD/Fs present in particle phase increased with the increasing level of chlorination.The concentrations of PCDFs and PCDDs decreased with the increase of chlorinated level,while the concentrations of 2,3,7,8-PCDDs congeners increased with the increase of chlorination level.The homolog profiles of the concentrations of PCDFs presented were higher than those of the PCDDs,which indicated the PCDD/Fs pollution source of the air in Dalian was characteristic for thermal source pollution.The correlation analysis of meteorological parameters with the concentrations of Cl 4-8 CDD/Fs was conducted using SPSS packages,and it was found that the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure were important factors influence the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the air.The respiratory risk and intake dioxins of the residents around the sampling sites were studied in the paper.It was found that Junge-Pankow model was much more accurate in predicting the gas-particle partitioning behavior of PCDD/Fs homologues during winter,while the Harner-Bidleman model shows better agreement with the measured data during winter and summer.     

吉林省中北部农田土壤有机氯农药的残留特征

通过对吉林省长春、 德惠、 扶余、 公主岭和永吉区域内典型农田土壤进行网格法布点采样, 分析土壤中有机氯农药的残留及在农田土壤中的分布状况, 并探讨有机氯农药残留物的组成及其分布和来源. 结果表明: 研究区域内六六六类（HCHs）和滴滴涕类（DDTs）农药残留检出率较高, 总有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留范围为1.45~83.88 ng/g, HCHs的总质量比为1.17～27.83 ng/g, DDTs农药的总质量比为1.45～81.75 ng/g; OCPs总体分布为长春>公主岭>永吉>德惠>扶余. OCPs的总量与总有机碳（TOC）呈显著的正相关关系; 长春、 德惠、 公主岭和永吉土壤中α-HCH/γ-HCH的平均值为0.37, 即大部分采样点可能有大量林丹（γ-HCH）输入; 除公主岭外, 各采样点的P,P′ DDT/（P,P′-DDD+P,P′-DDE）平均值都小于1, 即土壤中的DDTs类物质主要来自历史残留物, 公主岭部分点位可能受到工业DDTs的影响; 长春区域污染明显高于其他区域; 六六六类以γ-HCH为主要污染物, 滴滴涕类以P,P′-DDT为主要污染物.     

Feasibility of poplar foliages as bio-monitors for organochlorine pesticides in air

The feasibility of poplar (P. tomentosa) foliages as passive biomonitors for organochlorine pesticides in air was explored. The accumulation patterns of poplar foliages for HCHs, DDTs and HCB were similar, the amount of HCHs, DDTs and HCB increased with foliage growth in spring, and decreased thereafter. There was no obvious distinction in the accumulation styles between the adult leaf and the leaf-litter. This accumulation pattern is likely related to the growing process of the poplar foliage, and was observed for the first time in our work, giving an evidence for the “bud burst effect” in plants. The technical HCH and DDT were used largely in history and not used in recent years, but there was a little usage of lindane and new input of o,p’-DDT in recent years, and dicofol usage may be the main source of o,p’-DDT. Concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB in poplar foliages were similar to those in pine needles at the corresponding period, and there is a positive strong correlation between OCP concentration data of two kinds of trees. It presents no difference in the accumulation style between two kinds of trees. The level of OCPs in the poplar foliage reflected the pollution status of OCPs in air. The result of this work showed that the poplar foliage can be used as the bio-monitor of OCPs in air. Supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2003CB415003)     

有机氯农药污染场地的健康风险评价

以某农药污染场地为评价对象,经2次布点采样,土壤样品分析结果与美国EPA通用土壤筛选基准(SSLs)对比确认该场地土壤主要受到六六六(HCHs)(α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH,δ-HCH)、滴滴涕(DDT)、滴滴伊(DDE)和滴滴滴(DDD)有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染,并且HCHs的残留量为从低于0.01mg/kg到508mg/kg,DDTs残留水平为从低于0.01mg/kg到390mg/kg.HCHs的残留水平要高于DDTs.β-HCH和DDD为优势污染物.该场地地下水样品分析结果表明地下水没有受到OCPs的污染.使用RBCAtool kit 2.5软件进行健康风险的计算,得出95%置信上限浓度对应的人体健康风险值.计算结果表明该场地有机氯农药的单一致癌风险值超过了1×10-6,并且表层污染物累加致癌风险值超过了1×10-4.     

淀山湖表层水、沉积物和鱼体中有机氯农药的时空变化及人体暴露风险

有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides, OCPs)是一类持久性有机污染物, 研究它们在城市近郊湖泊的污染状况, 有助于更好地了解其对湖泊水环境的影响. 研究了上海近郊淀山湖表层水、沉积物和鱼体中的OCPs污染状况及人体暴露的健康风险. 结果表明, 六六六(hexachlorocyclohexanes, HCHs)和滴滴涕(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes, DDTs)分别是表层水和沉积物中的主要OCPs 污染物, OCPs 在淀山湖野生鱼体中也有检出. 淀山湖中HCHs 和DDTs 的来源主要是历史残留. 沉积物中的OCPs 浓度相对比较稳定, 但表层水中的浓度随采样时间有一定变化, 即丰水期浓度高于枯水期. 淀山湖进水区域的污染程度普遍高于出水区域. 考察了饮食摄入(食鱼和饮水)、呼吸和皮肤渗透(游泳) 3 种途径对人体暴露量的影响, 发现饮食摄入是DDTs和HCHs的主要暴露源. 淀山湖水环境已受到OCPs的影响, 但污染水平不高且不会产生健康风险.     

SLC1A2基因SNP位点与拉布拉多和金毛猎犬活跃度的相关性研究

目的 检测SLC1A2基因SNP位点与拉布拉多和金毛猎犬活跃度的相关性,以期为导盲犬早期选育筛选有效的遗传学分子标记。方法 选取中国大连导盲犬培训基地的99只犬(拉布拉多犬80只,金毛猎犬19只),采用Passive test(PT)行为测试法对犬的活跃度进行评估。同时采集该99只犬的静脉血,提取血细胞中的基因组DNA样本,采用PCR/测序方法对该99只犬的SLC1A2基因T129C、T1549G 和T471C 3个SNP位点进行基因型鉴定,并统计分析犬的活跃度与SLC1A2 SNP位点的相关性。结果 SLC1A2 基因的3个SNP位点中,T129C和T1549G位点没有多态性,分别仅存在C/C型和G/G型。T471C位点存在3种基因型：T/T、T/C和C/C。这3种基因型与活跃度、性别以及品种间不存在显著相关性(P>0.05)。另外,品种与活跃度之间也没有显著相关性(P>0.05),但性别与活跃度间存在显著相关性(P=0.049)。结论 SLC1A2基因的T129C、T1549G 和T471C位点与导盲犬的活跃度不具有显著相关性,不能作为导盲犬的遗传学筛选的指标。由于性别与活跃度间存在显著相关性,因而在行为学测试中,对犬的活跃度评分标准应雌雄有别。     

白洋淀有机氯农药赋存水平及污染成因

 有机氯农药（OCPs）是一类环境激素,对生物体产生遗传毒性、内分泌毒性等效应,对人类健康产生威胁。回顾了20世纪50年代至2017年白洋淀水体、沉积物及水生生物的OCPs多介质赋存水平及来源。分析表明,白洋淀区表层水OCPs浓度为10.80~261.90 ng/L,沉积物中OCPs含量为73.95~269.80 ng/g。OCPs污染以六氯环己烷（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）为主,其他OCPs检出率很低,并未呈面源污染特征。淀区的OCPs污染与河流（府河）的外源输入关系密切,也与生态补水频繁、周边农业种植结构变化及自身生态环境脆弱等因素相关。     

2006～2010年大连市区空气质量变化原因分析

2006～2010年,大连市区空气中可吸入颗粒物和二氧化硫浓度总体呈下降趋势,可吸入颗粒物浓度从0.094mg/m3,下降到0.058mg/m3,二氧化硫浓度从0.048mg/m3,下降到0.037mg/m3.原因首先是由于大连的污染减排取得了明显的成效,截止2010年底,8家电厂的脱硫工程全面完工;其次是由于全国范围的污染减排,使大环境变好,冬季受北部城市外来污染的影响下降,夏季来自山东半岛的污染也下降,即外来污染对大连的影响下降.大连市空气中二氧化氮浓度升高,其原因一是由于汽车尾气排放量的不断上升,二是由于电厂以及工业企业的污染减排缺少脱氮工艺;此外,大连市采暖期二氧化硫的污染主要是受冬季采暖燃煤的影响.     

Clinical investigation of surgery for intermittent exotropia

Objective： To investigate the time and postoperative binocular vision of strabismus surgery for children with intermittent exotropia （X（T））. Methods： A retrospective investigation was conducted in 80 child patients with intermittent exotropia. Pre- and postoperative angles of deviation fixating at near （33 cm） and distant targets （6 m） were measured with the prolonged alternate cover testing. The binocular function was assessed with synoptophore. Twenty-one patients took the postoperative synoptophore exercise. Results： （1） A week after surgery, 96.2% of the 80 patients had binocular normotopia, while a year after surgery, 91.3% of the 80 patients had binocular normotopia; （2） Preoperatively, 58 patients had near stereoacuity, while postoperatively, 72 patients achieved near stereoacuity （P〈0.05）; （3） Preoperatively, 64 patients had Grade Ⅰ for the synoptophore evaluation and postoperatively, 76 patients achieved Grade Ⅰ. Meanwhile, 55 patients had Grade Ⅱ preoperatively and 72 achieved Grade Ⅱ postoperatively. For Grade Ⅲ, there were 49 patients preoperatively and 64 patients postoperatively （P〈0.05）; （4） Patients of 5-8 years old had a significantly better recovery rate of binocular vision than those of 9-18 years old （P〈0.05）; （5） Patients taking postoperative synoptophore exercise had a better binocular vision than those taking no exercise （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： （1） Strabismus surgery can help to preserve or restore the binocular vision for intermittent exotropia; （2） Receiving the surgery at young ages may develop better postoperative binocular vision; （3） The postoperative synoptophore exercise can help to restore the binocular vision.     

唐河地下水有机氯农药(OCPs)的分布特征及风险评估

为评估雄安新区唐河污水库周边地下水有机氯农药(OCPs)污染状况, 对2019年采集的36个地下水样品中OCPs进行分析, 初步确定六氯环己烷(HCHs)和双对氯苯基三氯乙烷(DDTs)的组成特征和来源, 并对其健康风险进行评价。结果表明: 1) 唐河地下水OCPs污染程度较轻, OCPs总量为nd~45.60 ng/L, 检出率为77.78%, HCHs贡献最大, 与 2018 年完成的唐河污水库一期生态治理工程有关; 2) 唐河地下水中 HCHs和DDTs主要来自历史残留, HCHs主要来源于农业, DDTs在地下水体中主要产生好氧代谢产物DDE; 3) 唐河地下水OCPs致癌风险与非致癌风险均较低, 婴儿为敏感受体, 总体上对人体健康不构成威胁。     

COVID-19疫情不同阶段管控措施对大气污染物浓度的影响研究

2020年COVID-19疫情席卷全球，在我国疫情的集中爆发区和局部散发区均采取了严格的管控措施.论文采用2015年1月—2020年9月我国国控环境监测站点6种大气污染物(CO、SO2、NO2、O3、PM10、PM2.5)月均浓度值结果，分析了疫情管控措施对集中爆发区和后续局部散发区内大气污染物浓度的影响.结果显示在实施严格管控的疫情集中爆发期，湖北省内6种大气污染物中NO2浓度的减小最为明显，浓度变化与省内采取管控措施及复产复工的时间一致性较好.在2020年2月—4月的管控期间内，NO2各月均浓度值相较于前5年对应月份平均浓度均有显著减小，复工复产后逐渐恢复.SO2、PM10、PM2.5在管控期的部分月份也有显著下降，而CO月均值浓度亦出现了近6年来对应月份的最低值，但持续时间都相对较短.选用对管控措施表现最为明显的大气污染物指标NO2，持续监测了后续疫情局部散发区管控措施对其浓度的影响.吉林市、北京市、乌鲁木齐市等管控措施超过20天以上的散发区在其疫情管控期内均表现出了NO2浓度的显著降低.而确诊人数较少、扩散范围小的大连市、德宏傣族景颇族自治州瑞丽市由于管控时间较短，则未出现明显变化.证实了NO2浓度对人为活动强度的变化有直接的响应关系.     

城市人工地貌演变与经济驱动因素关系分析

以大连市为例,探讨了城市化过程中城市人工地貌演变特征及其与经济驱动因素的关系。笔者利用Surfer8和MapInfo7．0定量研究了城市人工地貌在时间序列上的演变,借助SPSS分析了经济驱动因素与此种演变的关系。结果表明：大连城市人工地貌的增长总量与经济发展呈正相关;1990年以后城市人工地貌总体进入快速增长时期,在经济发展的推动下,高级和中级城市人工地貌发育规模和速度呈大幅度增长,城市迅速“增高”和“高低”起伏现象突出,对城市景观整体性将构成影响。     

气相色谱法测定中成药8种有机氯农药残留量

建立气相色谱法测定中成药8种有机氯农药残留量。方法：样品经有机溶剂超声提取,硫酸净化;选用SE-54和OV．1701毛细管柱对8种有机氯农药进行分离,电子捕获检测器检测。结果：OV一1701毛细管柱对8种农药的分离效果优于SE-54柱;样品的平均回收率为74．3％～122．8％,RSD为2．36％～9．11％。结论：本方法快速、简便、准确,可用于中成药中8种有机氯农药的测定。     

基于TDIC的上海市奉贤区大气能见度变化特征分析

利用2008～2017年上海市奉贤区气象监测数据以及2015～2017年空气质量监测数据,通过经验模态分解、Hilbert谱分析方法和时间内在关联分析方法(TDIC),重点探讨了相对湿度、浓度与大气能见度的相关关系。结果表明,奉贤区大气能见度具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,能见度与相对湿度、和浓度变化呈现负相关性,在不同的相对湿度下,颗粒物浓度对大气能见度的影响不同。通过TDIC分析,在局部时间范围内,能见度与颗粒物浓度呈现正相关性,这种相关性变化会受到降水、风速、气压、温度等气象因素和极端天气的影响。通过上述分析,可以较好的探究大气能见度的变化特征。     

Effects and complications of placement of motility coupling post in porous polyethylene orbital implants

Objective： To investigate the effects and complications of primary and secondary placements of motility coupling post （MCP） in the unwrapped porous polyethylene orbital implant （PPOI） following enucleation. Methods： We investigated 198 patients who received PPOI implantation following the standard enucleation procedure in the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, from 2002 to 2004. These patients were subgrouped into PPOI-only patients （112 cases, received PPOI following enucleation）, primary MCP patients （46 cases, received primary placement of MCP during PPOI operation）, and secondary MCP patients （40 cases, received secondary placement ofMCP 6 months after the initial surgery）. Effects and complications among these three groups were compared. Results： The PPOI-only patients took shorter treatment course when compared with other two MCP groups （P〈0.001）, without significant difference noted between the two MCP groups. However, the two MCP groups had better prosthetic motility than PPOI-only group （P〈0.001）, without significant difference between the two MCP groups. In the early stage, 2 eyes in the PPOI-only group and l eye in the primary MCP group had PPOI infection. In PPOI-only group, 3 （2.68%） eyes had PPOI exposure, which occurred after fitting the prostheses; 4 eyes （8.70%） in primary MCP group and 1 eye （2.50%） in secondary MCP had PPOI exposure, which occurred before fitting the prostheses. After prosthesis was fit successfully, the excessive discharge and granuloma were 33.9% and 1.79% in PPOI group-only, 53.3% and 8.9% in primary MCP group, and 52.5% and 7.5% in secondary MCP group, respectively. Conclusion： Both primary and secondary placements of MCP into the PPOI following enucleation can help patients to obtain desirable prosthetic motility, but may be associated with more complications. The primary placement of MCP with skilled operation in selected patients is more recommendable than secondary plac