分布式驱动微型电动汽车驱动集成控制

为了提高分布式驱动微型电动汽车的动力性和操纵稳定性,设计了集成电子差速、驱动防滑和横摆力矩修正等功能的微型电动汽车驱动控制策略.基于改进阿克曼汽车转弯模型设计了电子差速控制算法,基于汽车转弯驱动轮滑转率修正算法和模糊PID(proportion integration differentiation)控制方法设计了汽车驱动防滑控制器,并针对汽车转弯时容易发生侧滑失稳,进行了基于PID控制方法的汽车横摆力矩修正.最后基于Simulink和Carsim软件建立了联合仿真模型,进行了以驱动轮转矩为控制量的低附着路面典型工况仿真实验.实验结果表明,采用分布式驱动微型电动汽车驱动集成控制算法能够有效地提高汽车的动力性和操纵稳定性.     

基于稳定性的DEV分层控制策略研究

利用分布式驱动电动汽车(distributed-driven electric vehicle,DEV)转矩可灵活分配的特点,提出一种基于分层控制的最优转矩协调分配控制策略以提高整车操纵稳定性。设计了上下两层控制器:上层作为集中控制器,以期望横摆角速度作为目标,根据当前汽车状态及路面条件计算出使汽车保持稳定运行状态所需的总驱动转矩,并分配至各驱动轮;下层作为分布控制器,以各驱动轮滑转率为控制变量,采用PID控制算法对各驱动轮施加补偿转矩,使滑转率控制在最优滑转率附近,以提高汽车操纵稳定性。在MATLAB/Simulink中建立相应的仿真模型、控制器,并设计相应的控制策略,对不同路面进行多工况仿真验证。结果表明:控制器的控制策略能较好地利用路面的附着力,在一定程度上改善了车辆启动时的滑转现象,从而提高了整车转弯时的操纵稳定性。     

轮毂电机驱动式微型电动汽车驱动防滑控制

针对轮毂电机驱动式微型电动汽车的驱动轮过度滑转问题,基于双后轮独立驱动微型电动汽车,从工程化角度设计了汽车驱动防滑模糊PID控制器.首先设计了简化的模糊路面识别方法,然后在Carsim软件中建立了车辆模型,并基于Simulink和Carsim软件建立了联合仿真平台,最后基于联合仿真平台采用以驱动轮转矩为控制量进行了汽车在典型路面的驱动防滑控制仿真实验.实验结果表明,基于路面识别的驱动防滑控制器能够较好地抑制汽车驱动轮过度滑转,提高了汽车行驶的动力性和稳定性.     

分布式驱动汽车自适应差速仿真研究

文章针对分布式驱动电动汽车转向电子差速策略进行研究。分析了目前转向电子差速策略,基于车辆转向行驶动力学以及开放式机械差速器工作原理,提出了转向时驱动电机等转矩分配的自适应电子差速策略;基于Matlab/Simulink和Carsim建立的分布式驱动电动汽车联合仿真平台,对比分析了不同转向行驶工况时等转矩分配电子差速策略的分布式驱动电动汽车和开放式机械差速器的集中式驱动电动汽车的差速性能以及操纵稳定性。仿真结果表明,2种驱动方式电动汽车的差速性能相同,相比于集中式驱动电动汽车的转向操纵稳定性,分布式驱动电动汽车转向操纵稳定性稍差。     

四轮毂电机独立驱动车辆转向电子差速控制

对四轮毂电机独立驱动车辆全轮转向电子差速控制策略进行研究.通过对转向运动学进行分析,建立了3自由度转向动力学模型,构建了四轮毂电机独立驱动车辆电子差速控制系统,提出了神经网络PID(NNPID)电子差速转速转矩综合控制策略,计算四轮目标转速,采用4个神经网络PID控制器,协调分配四轮毂电机的转矩,实现电子差速控制的转向.对于不同给定转向角和车速的仿真结果表明,该策略可以提高车辆低速转向的操控性和平稳性.     

多轴电驱动车辆驱动力优化分配策略

为提高某型多轴电驱动车辆的经济性,提出了一种最优驱动力分配控制策略.以电驱动系统效率最优为核心,对驱动转矩的分配进行离线优化,生成可在线应用的驱动模式表,通过查表插值可以确定驱动轴数,再根据整车轴荷动态分布情况,确定具体驱动轴,以充分利用地面附着力;利用Matlab/Simulink搭建整车后向仿真模型,在调整的世界重型商用车循环工况上进行仿真分析.结果表明,采用最优驱动转矩分配控制策略,相对驱动转矩平均分配控制策略和基于轴荷比分配转矩控制策略,经济性分别提升了9.18％和6.12％.     

基于轴间转矩分配的四轮驱动汽车牵引力控制

为提高汽车的牵引性能,通过对轴间转矩分配的分析,建立了四轮驱动汽车加速过程的数学模型;提出了发动机节气门控制和轴间转矩分配控制的综合控制策略;采用PI控制方法设计了发动机节气门控制系统和轴间转矩分配电流控制系统;在低附着路面和对接路面上进行了无牵引力控制和有牵引力控制的对比仿真.结果表明:四轮驱动汽车牵引力控制系统可有效抑制驱动轮过度滑转,提高汽车动力性.     

纯电动汽车加速过程中的驱动转矩优化控制策略

以纯电动汽车在加速过程中的驱动转矩为研究对象,提出了以加速踏板开度和电动机转速确定纯电动汽车基准转矩的方法.根据纯电动汽车在不同车速加速时对驱动转矩的需求不同,建立了以车速和加速踏板开度及其变化率为输入变量,转矩补偿增量为输出变量的模糊控制器,并对基准转矩进行转矩优化.针对纯电动车加速时,不同车速对转矩补偿增量的影响程度,设计了不同驱动转矩控制策略在相同加速踏板动作下的加速对比试验.结果表明:考虑加速时车速因素的转矩优化控制策略提高了纯电动汽车在中低车速时的加速动力性和高速时的加速操稳性.     

改善后轮独立驱动汽车过弯效率的转矩分配控制

针对分布驱动式电动汽车在转矩分配上较少研究转矩横向分配对驱动车轮滑转率的抑制作用及其对过弯性能的改善这一问题，利用其各轮转矩独立可控的性能优势，提出了一种基于轮胎纵向刚度估计和最佳滑转率识别的转矩定向分配控制方法，以降低驱动轴平均滑转率. 根据轮胎与路面的简化附着特性，理论上分析了转矩定向分配能够降低轴平均滑转率的原因. 采用递归最小二乘法（RLS）设计了轮胎纵向刚度估算器，并基于已估算的轮胎纵向刚度，以及在线识别的车轮的最佳滑转率制定了转矩定向分配控制策略. 仿真试验结果表明，提出的转矩定向分配控制策略可以有效地减小驱动轴的平均滑转率10%以上，而且还能够减小过弯时驾驶员的方向盘转角输入约14%，实现了提高过弯效率和改善转向机动性的双重目的.     

基于田口鲁棒优化的电动汽车驱动控制策略研究

为改善电动汽车驱动系统动力性和经济性,由电池组放电效率模型、驱动电机系统效率模型和电动汽车加速度模型,建立了综合目标函数.根据城市道路特征对综合目标函数动力性和经济性所占权重进行分配.分别以电机转矩-电机转速,电机转矩-加速踏板开度变化率为信号因子,驱动电机温度,电池组荷电状态为限值因子建立正交试验表,根据田口鲁棒控制动态特性信噪比对整车控制器输出转矩进行优化.根据GB/T 18386—2017电动汽车能量消耗率和续驶里程试验方法进行实车试验.试验结果表明行驶一个市区循环工况,相比于原车驱动控制策略,基于电机转矩-电机转速正交表的方法可节省能耗9%;基于电机转矩-加速踏板开度变化率正交表的方法可节省能耗4%.      

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the