Determination of the fermion pair size in a resonantly interacting superfluid

Fermionic superfluidity requires the formation of particle pairs, the size of which varies from the femtometre scale in neutron stars and nuclei to the micrometre scale in conventional superconductors. Many properties of the superfluid depend on the pair size relative to the interparticle spacing. This is expressed in 'BCS-BEC crossover' theories, describing the crossover from a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS)-type superfluid of loosely bound, large Cooper pairs to Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of tightly bound molecules. Such a crossover superfluid has been realized in ultracold atomic gases where high-temperature superfluidity has been observed. The microscopic properties of the fermion pairs can be probed using radio-frequency spectroscopy. However, previous work was difficult to interpret owing to strong final-state interactions that were not well understood. Here we realize a superfluid spin mixture in which such interactions have negligible influence and present fermion pair dissociation spectra that reveal the underlying pairing correlations. This allows us to determine that the spectroscopic pair size in the resonantly interacting gas is 20 per cent smaller than the interparticle spacing. These are the smallest pairs so far observed in fermionic superfluids, highlighting the importance of small fermion pairs for superfluidity at high critical temperatures. We have also identified transitions from fermion pairs to bound molecular states and to many-body bound states in the case of strong final-state interactions.     

rp过程核基态性质的理论研究

采用形变的相对论平均场模型对rp(快质子俘获)过程核的基态性质进行了系统研究,计算了质量数A=60～100,N=Z的偶偶核的平均结合能,均方根半径,单中子和单质子分离能.并与已知的实验数据进行比较,发现二者能够较好地符合,肯定了相对论平均场理论对rp过程核研究的可靠性.我们的计算结果可为未来rp过程的实验研究提供一些理...     

共轭核（N = Z）低激发谱特征的微观 相互作用玻色子模型研究

在唯象和微观玻色子相互作用模型（IBM）中, 由于存在中子-质子自由度, 它们对激发能的相对贡献率始终没有研究清楚. 本研究提出: 假定处在同一大壳层上中子数和质子数相等（N = Z）的共轭核中, 它们对低激发态应该贡献出相等的激发能, 这就绕开了对它们能量分摊评估的一大难题. 本文采用28~50核子大壳层的实验能级值, 对6个偶-偶核, 64Ge6832, Se34, 72Kr7636 , Sr38 , 80Zr40 和84Mo42, 的低激发能谱作了理论计算, 计算能谱很好地再现了复杂的实验测量谱, 支持上述推测. 据此得到的能级值, 中子-质子间等效相互作用强度参数等可以作为进一步研究的起点.     

~(69)Ni、~(70)Ni激发态的相对论平均场研究

在球形相对论平均场模型下,采用NL3相互作用,对69N i、70N i基态以及第一、第二激发态进行计算.从核子的半径、价核子的激发能以及中子和质子的密度分布,得出结论:在69N i7、0N i第一和第二激发态都可能存在中子晕现象.     

奇特原子核电荷半径的理论研究进展

电荷半径是描述原子核基本性质的可观测量之一,对于奇特原子核电荷半径的精确描述是核物理实验和理论研究的前沿课题．影响原子核电荷半径大小的因素有很多,例如形变、对关联、壳闭合效应等,因此需要发展一个统一的理论模型．对于奇特原子核电荷半径的精确描述,一方面可以更深层次地揭示核子-核子有效相互作用,对理论模型参数进行约束;另一方面,可靠的电荷半径数值作为输入参量,对核天体演化研究具有重要意义．本文简要介绍关于奇特原子核电荷半径的理论研究进展,分析了不同理论模型对电荷半径的壳效应和奇偶效应的描述;结合Ca和Rb同位素链电荷半径的变化趋势,分析指出中子-质子关联和自旋-轨道相互作用在精确描述原子核电荷半径中起到了很重要的作用．      

核素稳定区外围线的汇合

在氘氚结团核素图中,稳定区局部区域以质子数Z=18,38,58与幻数中子数N=20,50,82为界,稳定区边界折线延伸会合于坐标S轴与坐标H=30与S=30的坐标,(22,30)(24,30)及(30,16)^(30,0).范围常数44在稳定区外围的坐标(44,44)(44,22)(22,22)(22,0)显示出来.因为在氘氚结团中可能屏蔽了核子间复杂相互作用的主要部分,故能发现核素体系深层本质规律.     

Nuclear isomers in superheavy elements as stepping stones towards the island of stability

A long-standing prediction of nuclear models is the emergence of a region of long-lived, or even stable, superheavy elements beyond the actinides. These nuclei owe their enhanced stability to closed shells in the structure of both protons and neutrons. However, theoretical approaches to date do not yield consistent predictions of the precise limits of the 'island of stability'; experimental studies are therefore crucial. The bulk of experimental effort so far has been focused on the direct creation of superheavy elements in heavy ion fusion reactions, leading to the production of elements up to proton number Z = 118 (refs 4, 5). Recently, it has become possible to make detailed spectroscopic studies of nuclei beyond fermium (Z = 100), with the aim of understanding the underlying single-particle structure of superheavy elements. Here we report such a study of the nobelium isotope 254No, with 102 protons and 152 neutrons--the heaviest nucleus studied in this manner to date. We find three excited structures, two of which are isomeric (metastable). One of these structures is firmly assigned to a two-proton excitation. These states are highly significant as their location is sensitive to single-particle levels above the gap in shell energies predicted at Z = 114, and thus provide a microscopic benchmark for nuclear models of the superheavy elements.     

Discovery of 40Mg and 42Al suggests neutron drip-line slant towards heavier isotopes

A fundamental question in nuclear physics is what combinations of neutrons and protons can make up a nucleus. Many hundreds of exotic neutron-rich isotopes have never been observed; the limit of how many neutrons a given number of protons can bind is unknown for all but the lightest elements, owing to the delicate interplay between single particle and collective quantum effects in the nucleus. This limit, known as the neutron drip line, provides a benchmark for models of the atomic nucleus. Here we report a significant advance in the determination of this limit: the discovery of two new neutron-rich isotopes--40Mg and 42Al--that are predicted to be drip-line nuclei. In the past, several attempts to observe 40Mg were unsuccessful; moreover, the observation of 42Al provides an experimental indication that the neutron drip line may be located further towards heavier isotopes in this mass region than is currently believed. In stable nuclei, attractive pairing forces enhance the stability of isotopes with even numbers of protons and neutrons. In contrast, the present work shows that nuclei at the drip line gain stability from an unpaired proton, which narrows the shell gaps and provides the opportunity to bind many more neutrons.     

中能重离子反应中中子-质子有效质量劈裂的研究

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型,研究了~(112)Sn+~(112)Sn,~(124)Sn+~(124)Sn和~(132)Sn+~(132)Sn在能量为50,100,200MeV/u的反应系统中,不同中子-质子有效质量劈裂对原子核阻止和中子、质子发射数的影响.结果表明:中子-质子有效质量劈裂对原子核阻止和中子、质子发射数有很明显影响,且原子核阻止和中子、质子发射数随着有效质量劈裂的增加而递减.可以通过实验测定的原子核阻止和中子、质子发射数来确定中子-质子有效质量劈裂的值.     

Observation of a pairing pseudogap in a two-dimensional Fermi gas

Pairing of fermions is ubiquitous in nature, underlying many phenomena. Examples include superconductivity, superfluidity of (3)He, the anomalous rotation of neutron stars, and the crossover between Bose-Einstein condensation of dimers and the BCS (Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer) regime in strongly interacting Fermi gases. When confined to two dimensions, interacting many-body systems show even more subtle effects, many of which are not understood at a fundamental level. Most striking is the (as yet unexplained) phenomenon of high-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides, which is intimately related to the two-dimensional geometry of the crystal structure. In particular, it is not understood how the many-body pairing is established at high temperature, and whether it precedes superconductivity. Here we report the observation of a many-body pairing gap above the superfluid transition temperature in a harmonically trapped, two-dimensional atomic Fermi gas in the regime of strong coupling. Our measurements of the spectral function of the gas are performed using momentum-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, analogous to angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in the solid state. Our observations mark a significant step in the emulation of layered two-dimensional strongly correlated superconductors using ultracold atomic gases.     

稳定核^91Zr高自旋态实验研究

利用能量为44MeV的13C束流,通过重离子熔合蒸发反应82Se（13C,4n）91Zr布居了稳定核91Zr的高自旋态.基于γ-γ符合关系扩展了91Zr21/2＋同核异能态上的能级纲图,根据实验提取的γ跃迁的角分布系数对部分能级的自旋进行了指认.前人对21/2＋同核异能态下正负宇称能级已指认为质子在π（p1/2,g9/2）轨道的激发耦合价中子vd5/2;在π（f5/2,p3/2,p1/2,g9/2）和v（d5/2,s1/2,d3/2,g7/2,h11/2）空间内,经过系统性的分析和比较91Zr邻近核高自旋态能级结构,指出同核异能态上正宇称态激发机制依次为质子跨越38子壳π（f5/2,p3/2）→πp1/2激发和中子跨越50闭壳vg9/2→vd5/2激发,同核异能态上负宇称态可能涉及质子跨越38子壳π（f5/2,p3/2）→πg9/2激发与价中子vd5/2→vh11/2激发的竞争.     

'Magic' nucleus 42Si

Nuclear shell structures--the distribution of the quantum states of individual protons and neutrons--provide one of our most important guides for understanding the stability of atomic nuclei. Nuclei with 'magic numbers' of protons and/or neutrons (corresponding to closed shells of strongly bound nucleons) are particularly stable. Whether the major shell closures and magic numbers change in very neutron-rich nuclei (potentially causing shape deformations) is a fundamental, and at present open, question. A unique opportunity to study these shell effects is offered by the 42Si nucleus, which has 28 neutrons--a magic number in stable nuclei--and 14 protons. This nucleus has a 12-neutron excess over the heaviest stable silicon nuclide, and has only one neutron fewer than the heaviest silicon nuclide observed so far. Here we report measurements of 42Si and two neighbouring nuclei using a technique involving one- and two-nucleon knockout from beams of exotic nuclei. We present strong evidence for a well-developed proton subshell closure at Z = 14 (14 protons), the near degeneracy of two different (s(1/2) and d(3/2)) proton orbits in the vicinity of 42Si, and a nearly spherical shape for 42Si.     

用1／N展开技术研究汞核的能谱和B(E2)

用１／Ｎ展开法加上自洽Ｑ框架的ｓｄＩＢＭ１研究比Ｈｆ更重一些的中等质量核的Ｈｇ的同位素的能谱,计算了＾１８６Ｈｇ基带的几个Ｂ（Ｅ２）值,有一定程度的符合,高激发态符合得较好,特别是能正确反映出Ｂ（Ｅ２）值随能级谱化的趋势,而且只用了很少的可调参数去拟合大量数据,注意到值随能级变化的趋势,而且只用了很少的可调参数去拟合大量数据。注意到Ｈｇ核的质子数Ｚ＝８０,很接满壳层,可见１／Ｎ展开展理论适用于很大     

普适费米气体型能级密度公式及其参数

在费米气体模型基础上,考虑了低能修正,建立起了普适费米气体型能级密度公式。使用27.8个核素的平均中子共振间隔D数据及268个核素的能级累计数sN(E)数据,用最小二乘法,在高速计算机上拟合得到了一组普适参数。使用这组参数,D计算值的平均相对误差为36.51％,比实验值平均相对误差(26.69％)高38.6％。能级累计数N(E)的计算结果也有较大改进,其平均相对误差为40.56％,仅比在D计算值的平均相对误差高 14.3％。我们用若干组不同参数分别计算诸核素的D值和N(E)值,相对误差控制在20％以内。然后按核素列出它们的实验值和计算值,连同其相应参数,均在附录中给出,以便查阅。     

209Pb激发态的相对论平均场理论研究

在球形相对论平均场模型下,采用PK1,相互作用,对209Pb基态及激发态进行计算.从核子的半径、价核子的激发能以及中子、质子和最后一个中子的密度分布,得出结论:209Pb在激发态2g7/2可能存在一个中子皮结构,而在激发态3d5/2、4 s1/2和3d3/2可能存在一个中子晕结构.     

Vortices and superfluidity in a strongly interacting Fermi gas

Quantum degenerate Fermi gases provide a remarkable opportunity to study strongly interacting fermions. In contrast to other Fermi systems, such as superconductors, neutron stars or the quark-gluon plasma of the early Universe, these gases have low densities and their interactions can be precisely controlled over an enormous range. Previous experiments with Fermi gases have revealed condensation of fermion pairs. Although these and other studies were consistent with predictions assuming superfluidity, proof of superfluid behaviour has been elusive. Here we report observations of vortex lattices in a strongly interacting, rotating Fermi gas that provide definitive evidence for superfluidity. The interaction and therefore the pairing strength between two 6Li fermions near a Feshbach resonance can be controlled by an external magnetic field. This allows us to explore the crossover from a Bose-Einstein condensate of molecules to a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superfluid of loosely bound pairs. The crossover is associated with a new form of superfluidity that may provide insights into high-transition-temperature superconductors.     

原子核限制组态推转位能面

原子核推转壳模型自50年代被提出以来,经过60余年几个不同阶段的发展,已经成为定量描述原子核集体转动的最成功理论模型之一．其中最重要的两个发展是：考虑对关联作用和推转位能面计算（Total Routhian Surface）．这样的计算能给出核形变随转动的演变信息和转动顺排现象．我们在推转位能面计算方面主要开展了如下工作：（1）发展了“对关联一形变．转动”自洽计算;（2）发展了“限制组态”位能面计算,成功实现了对任何激发组态的自洽计算;（3）发展了“限制组态”推转位能面计算,实现了对任何激发组态的转动自洽计算．     

Superallowed Gamow-Teller decay of the doubly magic nucleus 100Sn

The shell structure of atomic nuclei is associated with 'magic numbers' and originates in the nearly independent motion of neutrons and protons in a mean potential generated by all nucleons. During β(+)-decay, a proton transforms into a neutron in a previously not fully occupied orbital, emitting a positron-neutrino pair with either parallel or antiparallel spins, in a Gamow-Teller or Fermi transition, respectively. The transition probability, or strength, of a Gamow-Teller transition depends sensitively on the underlying shell structure and is usually distributed among many states in the neighbouring nucleus. Here we report measurements of the half-life and decay energy for the decay of (100)Sn, the heaviest doubly magic nucleus with equal numbers of protons and neutrons. In the β-decay of (100)Sn, a large fraction of the strength is observable because of the large decay energy. We determine the largest Gamow-Teller strength so far measured in allowed nuclear β-decay, establishing the 'superallowed' nature of this Gamow-Teller transition. The large strength and the low-energy states in the daughter nucleus, (100)In, are well reproduced by modern, large-scale shell model calculations.     

A～190区偶偶超变形带转动惯量变化的微观机制

用处理对力的粒子数守恒方法分析了A～ 190区偶偶核系列晕SD带的转动惯量 (动力学转动惯量J(2 ) 与运动学转动惯量J(1) )ω随角频率变化的规律。实验结果在计算中得到较好的重现。粒子数守恒计算中极清楚地展现了J(2 ) 随ω变化的微观机制 (可分别给出各大壳、各推转Nilsson能级上的粒子填布几率和对J(2 ) 的贡献 )。J(2 ) 随ω的变化是壳效应 (变形场中单粒子运动 )、对关联、Pauli堵塞效应以及Coriolis(反配对 )作用等相互竞争的结果。J(2 ) 的上升 ,主要来自高N闯入壳 (中子N =7,质子N =6 )的贡献。     

Unexpected inhibition of fusion in nucleus-nucleus collisions

Unstable heavy atomic nuclei not found in nature can be created by fusing two stable nuclei, in a process analogous to colliding charged droplets of liquid. Recently, the formation of a handful of super-heavy nuclei with atomic numbers 114 (ref. 1) and 116 (ref. 2) has been achieved by fusion of heavy nuclei. The electrostatic energy of such systems is very large (which is the reason super-heavy nuclei are unstable), so although the two nuclei may initially be captured by the nuclear potential, rather than fusing, they almost always separate after transfer of mass to the lighter nucleus. This process, called quasi-fission, can inhibit fusion by many orders of magnitude. Understanding this inhibition may hold the key to forming more super-heavy elements. Theoretically, inhibition is predicted (ref. 5 and references therein) when the product Z1Z2 of the charges of the projectile and target nuclei is larger than about 1,600. Here we report measurements of three fusion reactions with Z1Z2 around half this value, each forming 216 88Ra. We find convincing model-independent evidence both of inhibition of fusion, and of the presence of quasi-fission. These results defy interpretation within the standard picture of nuclear fusion and fission.