Colony development and physiological characterization of the edible blue-green alga, Nostoc sphaeroides (Nostocaceae, Cyanophyta)

The edible blue-green alga,Nostoc sphaeroides Kützing,is able to form microcolorties and spherical macrocolonies.It has been used as a potent herbal medicine and dietary supplement for centuries because of its nutraceutical and pharmacological benefits.However,lim-ited information is available on the development of the spherical macrocolonies and the environmental factors that affect their structure.This report described the morphogenesis of N.Sphaeroides from single trichomes to macrocolonies.During the process,most structural features of macrocolonies of various sizes were dense maculas,rings,the compact core and the formation of liquid core;and the filaments within the macrocolonies showed different lengths and arrays depending on the sizes of macrocolonies.Meanwhile temperature and light intensity also strongly affected the internal structure of macrocolonies.As microcolonies further increased in size to form 30 mm mac-rocolonies,the colonies differentiated into distinct outer,middle and inner layers.The filaments of the outer layer showed higher max-imum photosynthetic rates,higher light saturation point,and higher photosynthetic efficiency than those of the inner layer;whereas the filaments of the inner layer had a higher content of chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins than those of the outer layer.The results obtained in this study were important for the mass cultivation of N.Sphaeroides as a nutraceutical product.     

葛仙米的培养

以葛仙米为实验材料,在春季自然温度条件下培养,研究其基本生长情况,形态特征和显微结构的变化。结果表明,在不断更换培养基的条件下,葛仙米生长较快,从生长曲线看最大比生长率出现在培养的第九天;随培养时间的延长,葛仙米的形态结构及颜色都发生了显著变化,可明显观察到异形胞。结果提示,在春季自然温度条件下培养,葛仙米能够正常生长。     

爆轰加载下双层预制破片初速梯度研究

通过分析双层方形和球形预制破片的典型排布方式及受力状态,建立了双层破片的单元实验模型;并采用闪光X射线摄影法获得了内外层破片在爆轰加载下的初速;同时,结合数值模拟方法,分析了破片在加载过程中的应力分布状态。结果表明:外、内层方形破片的初速比为1.6,而外、内层球形破片的初速比为1.7;外层方形破片的最大应力高于球形破片,其破损程度也较球形破片更为明显。     

双包层As2Se3硫化物光子晶体光纤受激布里渊散射慢光

研究了双包层As₂Se₃硫化物光子晶体光纤内、外包层结构对受激布里渊散射慢光特性的影响.在分析双包层As₂Se₃硫化物光子晶体光纤结构对布里渊增益谱的影响时,考虑了声场的高阶模式.研究结果表明,内包层占空比的变化对慢光特性影响较大,随内包层占空比的增加,布里渊增益谱的主峰逐渐降低,第二个峰值逐渐上升,时间延迟量增加,布里渊增益的变化趋势与其相似.但这些特性受外包层占空比的变化影响较小,布里渊增益谱的第二个峰值略微上升,而时间延迟及增益变化很小.因此双包层As₂Se₃硫化物光子晶体光纤的慢光特性受内包层占空比影响较大.而与内包层相比,这些特性受外包层占空比的影响较小.     

球形电磁波集中器内的光线跟踪研究

利用几何光学理论,引入了光线在超介质材料中的哈密顿量,通过求解光线运动方程,获得了光线在三维球形电磁波集中器内的传输轨迹,比较直观地解释了光线在超介质材料,尤其是负折射率材料中的传播过程.计算表明,只有在器件实际尺寸范围内的入射光线会受到影响.当包裹层内介电常数和磁导率为正时,只有在转换区域范围以内的入射光线进入被包裹核内;当包裹层为负折射率材料时,在器件实际尺寸范围内的入射光线都会进入被包裹核,并且随着压缩率的增加,核内的光线逐渐向中心轴线处靠近,实际光线占据的区域向中心轴缩小,核内其他区域由入射波的激发光线占据,并且在器件内部形成循环回路,此部分光线对器件外的光线传输无影响.给出了光线在超介质材料器件中传播轨迹的定量结果,对理解超介质材料中的电磁波传播行为有重要的参考意义.     

食用蓝藻螺旋藻和葛仙米中金属元素的分析

采用硝酸和高氯酸(4∶1)混合酸消化2种可食用蓝藻螺旋藻和葛仙米,原子吸收光谱法检测螺旋藻和葛仙米中的K、Na、Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn、Cr、Pb和Cd共11种金属元素含量。结果表明,2种蓝藻中矿质元素含量均较高,特别是Ca含量高达61 905.132mg·kg~(-1);而有害重金属Cr,Po和Cd含量均远低于国家规定标准,表明这2种食用蓝藻均无重金属富集或污染。本结果显示,螺旋藻和葛仙米是极好的天然富钙营养食品,可作为人体矿质元素和微量元素缺乏症的补给品.     

葛仙米中SOD基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

采用PCR技术从葛仙米（Nostoc sphaeroides）总DNA中克隆了一段基因序列,该序列与基因库中已公布的编码普通念珠藻（Nostoc commnue）超氧化物歧化酶的氨基酸序列同源性为98％,将该基因插入含T7启动子的质粒pET-32a（＋）中构建表达质粒pET-sod,然后将该表达质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21中进行蛋白表达,表达菌株用lmmol／L1PTG诱导表达数小时后,产生较多重组的蛋白,且该蛋白以可溶性蛋白形式存在,SDS-PAGE分析表明：在相对分子量约为22kd的位置有一条明显蛋白质带,将诱导表达后的蛋白通过亲和层析的方法进行蛋白纯化;NBT光还原法测定表达产物的比活力,每毫克纯化蛋白约为2550U。     

Seismological evidence for mosaic structure of the surface of the Earth's inner core

The transition from the Earth's solid inner core to liquid outer core is the location where the inner core grows and from which compositional convection in the outer core originates. Most seismological models of the Earth describe the inner-core boundary as sharp and simple, although experimental data requiring the presence of a thin transition layer at the bottom of the outer core have been reported. The density jump at the inner-core boundary--an important parameter determining gravitational energy release and constraining the compositional difference between the inner and outer core-is also not well known. Estimates of this density jump obtained using free-oscillation eigenfrequencies give low values of 0.25-1.0 g cm(-3), whereas a method using the amplitude ratio of core-reflected phases yielded values of 0.6-1.8 g cm(-3) (refs 14, 15, 16-17). Here we analyse properties of waves precritically reflected from the Earth's inner core (PKiKP phases) that show significant variability in amplitude, consistent high-frequency content and stable travel times with respect to a standard Earth model. We infer that the data are best explained by a mosaic structure of the inner core's surface. Such a mosaic may be composed of patches in which the transition from solid inner to liquid outer core includes a thin partially liquid layer interspersed with patches containing a sharp transition.     

外层壳及其阻尼对水中双层球壳声散射的影响

研究了浸没于水中的双层球壳振动问题,利用已得到的散射率函数,计算并分析了外层壳的厚度、材料常数、粘性阻尼等对双层球壳散射特征的影响,计算结果显示：当外层材料系数比内层小许多时,外层壳对散射率一频率曲线上的单极峰和第二个双极峰影响不大,但对第一个双极峰影响较大,且第一个双极峰对材料的阻尼系数非常敏感,分析了产生这些现象的具体原因。     

中华稻蝗受精囊的初步观察

应用光镜观察了中华稻蝗受精囊及受精囊管的结构。结果表明，中华蝗受精囊由内向外依次为内膜层、上皮层、底膜、结缔组织、肌肉层和围脏膜，可见许多的排出小管穿过内膜层，开口于囊腔，肌肉层中纵肌环肌交杂排列，并讨论了其结构与功能间的联系。     

The Earth’s inner core deviation to plate movement

Under the premise of the Earth’s layer structure and mass distribution, the solid inner core cannot be stable in the center of the sphere. Thus, the deviation of the inner core is towards the sphere’s center and the liquid outer core must have asymmetrical thermal convection. Based on the two suggestions, a concise and self-consistent global motion model can be built. The model consists of the following cycle: an asymmetrical thermal convection structure in the outer core led by the dislocation of the inner core → the plume is in special upwell position because of differential activation → the formation and split of lithosphere → the split plates drift and assemble in a new location, the mass of which causes the inner core to deviate towards this direction again → the new asymmetry is formed. As this circulation continues, a definite and periodical motion emerges/forms. Its nonlinear features result in the Earth’s motion with simple mechanisms but complex behavior. Ultraterrestrial events may disturb or even interrupt this movement but would not significantly affect the cycle.     

新型的双包层同轴圆柱光波导的研究

研究了一种新型的双包层阶跃光波导，内包层的折射率大于芯及外包层的折射率，因而光被限制在内包层中传播。文中推导了此类光波导的子午光线和空间光线的数值孔径。在弱波导近似下推出了柱坐标下的波导模式方程。     

Melting of the Earth's inner core

The Earth's magnetic field is generated by a dynamo in the liquid iron core, which convects in response to cooling of the overlying rocky mantle. The core freezes from the innermost surface outward, growing the solid inner core and releasing light elements that drive compositional convection. Mantle convection extracts heat from the core at a rate that has enormous lateral variations. Here we use geodynamo simulations to show that these variations are transferred to the inner-core boundary and can be large enough to cause heat to flow into the inner core. If this were to occur in the Earth, it would cause localized melting. Melting releases heavy liquid that could form the variable-composition layer suggested by an anomaly in seismic velocity in the 150 kilometres immediately above the inner-core boundary. This provides a very simple explanation of the existence of this layer, which otherwise requires additional assumptions such as locking of the inner core to the mantle, translation from its geopotential centre or convection with temperature equal to the solidus but with composition varying from the outer to the inner core. The predominantly narrow downwellings associated with freezing and broad upwellings associated with melting mean that the area of melting could be quite large despite the average dominance of freezing necessary to keep the dynamo going. Localized melting and freezing also provides a strong mechanism for creating seismic anomalies in the inner core itself, much stronger than the effects of variations in heat flow so far considered.     

HRB500E高强度抗震钢筋焊接性能

国内某厂通过铌微合金化和控冷工艺开发试制HRB500E高强度抗震钢筋,采用金相显微镜、维氏硬度计、闪光焊接、疲劳试验机及力学性能测试,对HRB500E钢筋焊接样力学性能、HV5硬度、金相显微组织、焊接接头强度及疲劳强度进行了试验研究。结果表明:焊接前后焊件和母材强度变化小于5 MPa,强度变化不大,焊件拉伸断口远离焊缝,为延性断口,焊接性能良好;在焊接热循环作用下,焊接接头焊缝、热影响粗晶区、热影响细晶区的表层和芯部经历奥氏体化后再结晶,其组织和硬度变化不大;混晶区至母材表层和芯部则经历不完全奥氏体化后的再结晶,母材芯部组织为F+P+B、表层组织为S,表层硬度HV5高于芯部硬度30 HV5,其组织和硬度变化较大;焊接接头的抗拉断负荷从焊缝到混晶区逐渐减小,焊缝和热影响粗晶区的抗拉断负荷比母材的高;采用国际焊接学会推荐的FAT75疲劳设计曲线对钢筋焊接接头疲劳强度设计是安全的。     

Constraints on the composition of the Earth's core from ab initio calculations

Knowledge of the composition of the Earth's core is important for understanding its melting point and therefore the temperature at the inner-core boundary and the temperature profile of the core and mantle. In addition, the partitioning of light elements between solid and liquid, as the outer core freezes at the inner-core boundary, is believed to drive compositional convection, which in turn generates the Earth's magnetic field. It is generally accepted that the liquid outer core and the solid inner core consist mainly of iron. The outer core, however, is also thought to contain a significant fraction of light elements, because its density--as deduced from seismological data and other measurements--is 6-10 per cent less than that estimated for pure liquid iron. Similar evidence indicates a smaller but still appreciable fraction of light elements in the inner core. The leading candidates for the light elements present in the core are sulphur, oxygen and silicon. Here we obtain a constraint on core composition derived from ab initio calculation of the chemical potentials of light elements dissolved in solid and liquid iron. We present results for the case of sulphur, which provide strong evidence against the proposal that the outer core is close to being a binary iron-sulphur mixture.     

光周期对葛仙米生长和光合系统活性的影响

通过设置光暗比(L∶D)24h∶0h、12h∶12h和8h∶16h三个光周期处理组,对葛仙米(Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing)依次开展了三个批次的培养,测定光周期对葛仙米生长和光合活性的影响.结果表明,24h连续光照对葛仙米生长具有显著抑制作用,不适合应用于葛仙米的长期连续批量培养中.3个光周期处理组中,葛仙米叶绿素荧光Fv/Fm在第一个培养批次中降低,但是很快都在第二个和第三个培养批次中得到缓和.葛仙米PS捕光天线色素含量的变化表明,葛仙米能够通过下调该色素的含量来降低较长光照对葛仙米光合系统的光抑制和破坏,从而获得较高的光合作用效率.     

Silica Microcapsules Prepared by Interfacial Reaction Methods

1 Results Silica spherical particles with hollow structure are directly prepared by interfacial reaction methods using W/O/W emulsion (schematic diagram in Fig.1)[1].Fig.1 Silica microcapsule formationThe mixing of W/O emulsion consisting of sodium silicate solution (inner water phase) and n-hexane solution (oil phase) to outer water phase dissolving NH4HCO3 or other salts affords silica microcapsules.The critical feature of this method is the direct formation of hollow structure.Therefore,the core com...     

16万方LNG储罐的动特性分析

以16×104m3LNG储罐为例,应用ADINA有限元软件中的Lanczos特征值算法,考虑液固耦合效应研究其动力特性参数。结果表明：内罐液固耦合基本振动频率较低,振动形式以cosnθ型梁式振动为主,液体晃动为低频的振动;外罐基本振动频率较高,振动形式也以cosnθ型梁式振动为主。内罐的液固耦合前三阶频率分别为1.979,4.766,6.491 Hz;液体晃动前三阶频率分别为0.104,0.185,0.235 Hz;外罐前三阶频率分别为6.509,12.37,22.16 Hz。     

Evidence for an oxygen-depleted liquid outer core of the Earth

On the basis of geophysical observations, cosmochemical constraints, and high-pressure experimental data, the Earth's liquid outer core consists of mainly liquid iron alloyed with about ten per cent (by weight) of light elements. Although the concentrations of the light elements are small, they nevertheless affect the Earth's core: its rate of cooling, the growth of the inner core, the dynamics of core convection, and the evolution of the geodynamo. Several light elements-including sulphur, oxygen, silicon, carbon and hydrogen-have been suggested, but the precise identity of the light elements in the Earth's core is still unclear. Oxygen has been proposed as a major light element in the core on the basis of cosmochemical arguments and chemical reactions during accretion. Its presence in the core has direct implications for Earth accretion conditions of oxidation state, pressure and temperature. Here we report new shockwave data in the Fe-S-O system that are directly applicable to the outer core. The data include both density and sound velocity measurements, which we compare with the observed density and velocity profiles of the liquid outer core. The results show that we can rule out oxygen as a major light element in the liquid outer core because adding oxygen into liquid iron would not reproduce simultaneously the observed density and sound velocity profiles of the outer core. An oxygen-depleted core would imply a more reduced environment during early Earth accretion.     

Outer-core compositional stratification from observed core wave speed profiles

Light elements must be present in the nearly pure iron core of the Earth to match the remotely observed properties of the outer and inner cores. Crystallization of the inner core excludes light elements from the solid, concentrating them in liquid near the inner-core boundary that potentially rises and collects at the top of the core, and this may have a seismically observable signal. Here we present array-based observations of seismic waves sensitive to this part of the core whose wave speeds require there to be radial compositional variation in the topmost 300?km of the outer core. The velocity profile significantly departs from that of compression of a homogeneous liquid. Total light-element enrichment is up to five weight per cent at the top of the core if modelled in the Fe-O-S system. The stratification suggests the existence of a subadiabatic temperature gradient at the top of the outer core.