野生成年棕色田鼠社会行为研究

对成年棕色田鼠 (Microtusmandarinus)的社会行为进行了实验室观察 .结果发现 ,当陌生的两只雄鼠相遇时 ,优势雄鼠和从属雄鼠间的社会行为有明显的区别 ,优势鼠接近、攻击、追赶对方的频次和持续时间明显的多于从属鼠 ,而从属鼠逃离和防御行为多于优势鼠 ;优势鼠的体重明显的大于从属鼠 ,而且攻击行为和社会探究行为的频次与体重呈正相关 ,非社会行为无明显的差别 .但当两只熟悉的雄鼠相遇时 ,则比陌生雄鼠相遇表现出较多的喜好行为和较少的攻击行为 .观察还发现 ,单独生活的异性个体相遇时表现出较少的攻击行为和较多的喜好行为 ;相反 ,和其它家庭成员生活的两个陌生异性个体相遇时表现出较多的攻击行为 .两个雌性相遇和两个雄性相遇表现出相似的行为模式 .以上结果表明 ,熟悉性、性别、个体大小、接触近况是影响棕色田鼠社会行为的重要因子 .     

观察箱内成年雄性布氏田鼠间的行为和行为序

研究了不同大小观察箱内布氏田鼠（Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓ ｂｒａｎｄｔｉ）陌生成年雄性个体间的行为和行为序。在大，小观察箱内，除了追逐行为，优势鼠，从属鼠的行为没有明显的差别。在观察期内，虽然一对鼠中优势鼠的非社会，社会探究，攻击行为都明显地高于从属鼠，但它们在遭遇后的第１个回合的交往中，２只鼠的社会行为没有显示的区别，社会探究，争斗行为之间相互独立，为负相关关系，而其各自内部均为正相关关系，其中社会探究     

Vocalization during copulation behavior in greater horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Vocal communication plays an important role for individual recognition and male-female interaction during mating in greater horseshoe bats,especially in respect to mate fidelity,which ensures that the bats can maintain a stable social organization.Few studies,however,have addressed the calling behavior during copulating in bats.Here,we initially report the copulation vocalizations and behaviors of both male and female greater horseshoe bats.During copulation,the male assumed a dorsal position and arched his back,arming around the female using his feet and thumbs.The male repeatedly produced very short constant frequency(SCF) syllables with high intensity and repetition rate(male 1:16.48±4.8 ms,male 2:17.79±4.03 ms) when he tried to insert the penis into the female,and then long syllables(male 1:42.08±12.67 ms,male 2:43.02±11.44 ms) after penile insertion.The female bats sometime refused the male bats in the early phase of copulations as emitting noise bursts and broad-band vocalizations,but kept silence during actual copulation.We also found that the SCF copulation calls of one male remained stable peak frequencies on different copulation days although its echolocation call frequency varied each day.Moreover,different male individuals maintained their own "private frequency" in the SCF copulation calls.Therefore,we predicted that the SCF copulation calls may serve as an indicator for female greater horseshoe bats to recognize the mating males in order to maintain mate fidelity because horseshoe bats exhibit sexual segregation before mating.Our results stipulate further studies on mating system and copulation strategies in polygynous bats.Such work may also aid in promoting the preservation of greater horseshoe bats.     

华东地区人工饲养食蟹猴血液常规和血清生化值的测定

目的建立单笼饲养食蟹猴血液常规和血清生化的参考值,了解检测指标的性别差异。方法选取254只3～5岁健康食蟹猴,雄性84只,雌性170只,在清醒状态下采血。采用全自动血细胞分析仪和全自动生化分析仪检测血液常规和生化指标,并比较不同性别组间的差异。结果经统计分析,获取了单笼饲养食蟹猴血液常规和血清生化的参考值,雌雄食蟹猴血常规指标比较,RBC、HGB、MCHC、HCT、MONO、RDW-CV、MPV、PCT、P-LCR、PDW存在极显著性差异（P〈0.01）,BASO、NEUT%、LYMPH%、MCH、RDW-SD存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）,雌雄血生化指标比较,ALT、AST、ALP存在极显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论建立了3～5岁食蟹猴血液常规和血清生化的参考值,同时表明部分指标存在性别差异。     

Cooperation in an asymmetric volunteer’s dilemma game with relatedness

What motivates some members of a social group to voluntarily incur costs in order to provide for the common good? This question lies at the heart of theoretical and empirical studies of cooperative behavior. This is also the question that underlies the classic volunteer’s dilemma model, which has been previously explored in scenarios where group members are related or interact asym- metrically. Here we present a model that combines asymmetry and relatedness, showing that the probability of volunteerism in such systems depends closely on both the degree of asymmetry and level of relatedness between interacting individuals. As has been shown in previous volunteer’s dilemma models, the payoff ratio and overall group size also influence the probability of volunteerism. The probability of volunteerism decreases with increasing group size or decreasing cost-to-benefit ratio of the coplayers; in the presence of asymmetrical interactions, subordinate players were more likely to offer public goods than the dominant player. More asymmetrical interactions decrease the probability of volunteerism of the dominant player; overall volunteerism increases with increasing relatedness.     

Mammalian sex ratios and variation in costs of rearing sons and daughters

In red deer, the sex ratio of calves at birth (calculated as the proportion of calves born that are male) increases with the dominance rank of the mother, whereas opposite trends exist in several populations of macaques and baboons. Here we show that the subsequent survival and reproductive success of subordinate female red deer is depressed more by rearing sons than by rearing daughters, whereas the subsequent fitness of dominant females is unaffected by the sex of their present offspring. By contrast, among subordinate female macaques, the rearing of daughters has greater costs to the mother's subsequent fitness than does the rearing of sons, although again, no difference in the costs of rearing sons and daughters is found among dominant mothers. These findings indicate that both differences in the relative fitness of sons and daughters and differences in the relative costs of rearing male and female offspring can favour variation in the sex ratio.     

黄脸油葫芦的鸣声结构及行为分析(直翅目：蟋蟀总科)

研究了黄脸油葫芦Teleogryllus emma (Ohmachi and Matsumura, 1951)的多种行为模式,并对其鸣声结构进行了分析.其行为模式包括取食、清理、避敌、交配和鸣叫等,鸣声包括召唤声、求偶声和争斗声.鸣声时域特征结果表明黄脸油葫芦的鸣声一般由主音和陪音构成,召唤声和求偶声均具有主音和陪音,求偶声相对召唤声而言,陪音部分较长,而争斗声只具有主音部分;鸣声频域特征表明争斗声的频率高于其他两类鸣声的频率.     

Mutual mate choice in the Asiatic toad, Bufo gargarizans, exerts stabilizing selection on body size

Sexual selection is critical to both reproduction and evolution.The effects of male–male competition and female choice regarding body size have been examined in a large number of taxa,including toad species.Males and females have different optimal reproductive strategies,achieving breeding advantages in discrepant ways.Further,the relative contributions of intra-and inter-sexual size selection vary among species.Thus,to understand the mechanisms affecting mating success,it is important to consider both male–male and male–female interactions simultaneously and elucidate their interrelationship.In this study,we measured body sizes of all mated and unmated individuals in a population of Asiatic toad(Bufo gargarizans)and counted fertilized eggs of several clutches.Based on correlation and regression techniques,we tested for female choice and intra-sexual competition among males relative to body size gradients,and we compared the relative importance of these two processes for mating success.Our results reveal that male–male competition and female choice simultaneously contribute to sexual selection in toads.Furthermore,both interactions are most intense among smaller toads.The synergistic trends of male–male competition and female choice support the mutual mate choice hypothesis and works to stabilize body size in B.gargarizans.Normal distributions of breeding success relative to body size were detected for both sexes,suggesting that medium-sized individuals enjoy a reproductive advantage in the population studied.     

太行山猕猴呼吸频率的研究

本文对93例健康的太行山猕猴呼吸频率进行了分析。结果表明:随着年龄的增长太行山猕猴的呼吸频率在一定范围内呈下降趋势;在同一年龄组及样本中,不同性别之间的呼吸频率无显著差别;太行山猕猴的呼吸频率与国外和我国南方猕猴之间差异明显;非麻醉猕猴的呼吸频率明显高于麻醉猴的呼吸频率。     

Female feral fowl eject sperm of subdominant males

Paternity is often determined by competition between the ejaculates of different males. Males can also use particular behaviours or structures to manipulate how females use sperm. However, the ability of females to bias sperm utilization in favour of preferred males independently of male manipulation has not been demonstrated. Females are predicted to respond differentially to the sperm of different males when the reproductive interests of the sexes differ and when females are coerced into copulating. Here we show that in female feral fowl most copulations are coerced, and that females consistently bias sperm retention in favour of the preferred male phenotype. Females prefer to copulate with dominant males, but when sexually coerced by subordinate males, they manipulate the behaviour of dominant males to reduce the likelihood of insemination. If this fails, females differentially eject ejaculates according to male status in the absence of any male manipulation and preferentially retain the sperm of dominant males.     

幼年小家鼠社会等级的预测：行为学指标和亲缘关系影响

野生断乳雄性小家鼠社会等级的形成无亲缘关系组早于亲缘关系组，判断未来优势和从属个体的行为学指标也因亲缘关系的影响而不同，在无亲缘关系组，未来优势鼠的嗅体和远处探究２种社会探究显著地高于未来从属鼠；在亲缘关系组，未来优势鼠直接和跳跃行为显著地多于未来从属鼠。     

东北梅花鹿种群活动节律和集群行为研究?

活动节律和集群行为是评价野生动物种群状态的重要参数.本研究自2012年11月至2013年12月在吉林珲春国家级自然保护区利用红外相机陷阱法对东北梅花鹿(Cervus nippon mantchuricus)种群的活动节律和集群行为进行了研究.结果表明东北梅花鹿全年日活动节律具有明显的双峰趋势,主要在晨昏前后活动,且日活动节律存在明显的季节性变化,春夏两季的活动强度较大,秋季次之,冬季的活动强度最小且持续时间最短;监测期内梅花鹿的平均集群大小为(1.42±0.03)只,集群大小和集群类型出现的频次在全年及各个季节间存在极显著差异,其中,1~2个个体出现的频次最高,主要集群类型为雌性单个个体和雄性单个个体,其次为雌性群和母子群.梅花鹿的行为表现差异受生活史特征、气温、日照长度和人类活动的季节性变化等环境条件的综合影响.     

白头叶猴一个野生多雄多雌群的优势等级、亲密程度和梳理模式

白头叶猴社会行为谱包括性行为、友好行为和争斗行为3类,对G群中取代和臣服行为的分析发现,有3只公猴的地位最高,它们之间又呈线性等级关系,其他个体间的关系则比较复杂不呈线性。个体间亲密系数的聚类分析结果显示母猴间的关系最为亲密,地位最高的2只成年公猴之间存在着联盟关系。母猴是主要的梳理者,梳理其他个体的次数占70.7%,而未成年公猴主要接受梳理,它们梳理其他个体的次数只占2.8%,而被梳理的次数却占33.1%。2只成年公猴之间以及与母猴之间的具有倾向性的梳理关系是和等级关系相一致的。白头叶猴两性的社会行为存在明显差异。公猴积极参与到群间争斗中,保卫群中个体的安全以及领域,这些行为更符合配偶保卫假说。     

Rank-related maternal effects of androgens on behaviour in wild spotted hyaenas

Within any hierarchical society, an individual's social rank can have profound effects on its health and reproductive success, and rank-related variation in these traits is often mediated by variation in endocrine function. Maternal effects mediated by prenatal hormone exposure are potentially important for non-genetic inheritance of phenotypic traits related to social rank, and thus for shaping individual variation in behaviour and social structure. Here we show that androgen concentrations in wild female spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) are higher during late gestation in dominant females than in subordinate females. Furthermore, both male and female cubs born to mothers with high concentrations of androgens in late pregnancy exhibit higher rates of aggression and mounting behaviour than cubs born to mothers with lower androgen concentrations. Both behaviours are strongly affected in other mammals by organizational effects of androgens, and both have important effects on fitness in hyaenas. Therefore, our results suggest that rank-related maternal effects of prenatal androgen exposure can adaptively influence offspring phenotype in mammals, as has previously been shown to occur in birds. They also suggest an organizational mechanism for the development of female dominance and aggressiveness in spotted hyaenas, traits that may offset the costs of extreme virilization.     

Dominance rank of adult females and mating competition in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the Qinling Mountains, China

Dominance hierarchy reflects resource competition in male primates as well as females.In this study,we collected data on the social rank and mating competition of female Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys from September 2009 to June 2010 in the Qinling Mountains,Shaanxi,China.Displacement was used to determine social hierarchy of the studied wild females.A total of 1223 displacement bouts between adult females and 316 mating behaviors within one-male units(OMUs) were recorded.Competitive displacement among females was very low(0.22 displacements per observation hour).The dominant ranks of females in target OMUs were determined by displacement,from one OMU to another:JB unit:YL > DBC > YCM >XBC > BD;JZT unit:XHW > JG > DT;PK unit:QQ > TM > HF;LP unit:SK > TH > WM.Higher-ranking females performed significantly more sexual behavior than lower-ranking females in this rare monkey.High-ranking females were more likely to win mating contests within those OMUs.Based on these studies,we assessed the social relationships among adult females and clarified possible explanations for the strategies of female mating competition in the OMUs.Furthermore,the notion that reproductive success may also be related to female dominance hierarchies in this polygynous species should be considered in future research.     

Ranging pattern and population composition of Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu, Tibet: Implications for conservation

We studied the ranging pattern of the wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus bieti) at Xiaochangdu,Tibet from June 2003 to March 2005.Using the map grid cell method,the group home range were 16.75 km 2 in summer,10.50 km 2 in winter,and 21.25 km 2 total over two years.The daily travel length(DTL) averaged 765 m with a range of 350-3500 m.The results showed that DTL in winter was significantly shorter than those of in summer and spring.Temperature,rainfall,food availability,and human disturbance correlated positively with DTL.According to the maximum observed group size and estimated total home range,population density and biomass of R.bieti were 9.1 individuals/km 2 and 88.6 kg/km 2,respectively.The temporal and spatial variations of food resources and patterns of human disturbance largely determine the ranging behavior of R.bieti at Xiaochangdu.     

酱曲露尾甲Carpophilus hemipterus(鞘翅目:露尾甲科)的飞行速度和飞行持续时间研究(英文)

利用飞行磨技术和电子计算机技术测定酱曲露尾甲Corpophilus hemiplerus的飞行速度和飞行持续时间,结果表明:1.大部分的甲虫只作短距离的飞行(<30分钟),只有少部分的成虫可以作长距离的飞行(>30分钟);2.雌虫飞行持续时间明显长于雄虫;3。雌虫每小平均飞行速度是1586米,雄虫每小时平均飞行速度是1195米,雌虫的飞行速度比雄虫快。     

家畜常见疾病的发生与年龄、性别和季节关系的调查研究

对１３７７个有效病例３０余种常见疾病的临床表现率与年龄、性别和季节的关系进行了定量分析，结果表明公畜病例占３５２％，母畜占６４８％；内科病多发生于１岁以内（４１３７％），外科病以３—４岁较多见（２９８３％），产科病常见于３岁的家畜（２８１７％）；发病季节在每年的３—４月份为最高，分别占年度病例总数的１２４２％和１３６５％所有病例中内科病占７２０４％，外科病１２７％，产科病１１７６％，传染病２７６％，寄生虫病１２６％     

英语写作焦虑、写作成绩及二者相关性的性别差异研究

运用定量分析的方法对男女大学生的英语写作焦虑、写作成绩及二者相关性进行研究发现：1）男、女大学生都存在中等程度的写作焦虑,回避行为接近或达到高度焦虑值;2）女生的写作成绩显著高于男生,但写作焦虑跟男生没有显著差异,甚至认知焦虑还显著高于男生;3）写作焦虑和写作成绩呈显著负相关,男生的负相关程度更高;4）写作焦虑对男生写作成绩的预测能力高于对女生写作成绩的预测能力。     

黔金丝猴血清雌二醇(E_2)测定分析

采用捕自贵州梵净山国家自然保护区野生动物救护中心饲养3年的5只黔金丝猴（Rhincpithecusbrelichi），2只雌性、3只雄性的血液标本，测定了血清中雌二醇（E2）含量．其中2只雌性E2值分别为15ng／L，10ng／L，2只雌性E2值为20ng／L1只未成年雄性E2值＜10ng／L．以上结果与成人女性血液中E2值相比较，提示2只雌猴正处于卵泡期．