三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂化学结构及反应过程的13C-NMR研究

通过13C-NMR可以很好地解析采用传统工艺(碱-酸-碱工艺)合成三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂反应过程中的结构变化,并可推测其发生的反应.结构分析表明:在保温反应开始阶段,尿素与甲醛之间的反应主要为加成反应,产物以一羟甲脲和二羟甲脲为主,并有少量三羟甲脲生成;三聚氰胺与甲醛的加成反应产物为一羟甲基三聚氰胺和二羟甲基三聚羟胺;缩聚反应已经发生,一羟甲脲,一羟甲基三聚氰胺,一羟甲脲与一羟甲基三聚氰胺间的缩聚反应已经开始,分子间以醚键和次甲基键连接为主.保温反应结束直到整个反应结束,缩聚反应为主要反应类型,三聚氯胺改性脲醛树脂中存在着3种反应体系:尿素甲醛的反应体系、三聚氰胺甲醛反应体系和三聚氯铵尿素甲醛共缩合反应体系.     

如何降低纺织品中甲醛含量

1 纺织品中残留甲醛的原因 印染工业为提高纺织品防缩防皱性能,往往要进行树脂整理,普遍采用的是N-羟甲基作为活性基因的N-羟甲基酰胺类树脂整理剂,以二羟基环乙烯脲与甲醛缩合反应制成二羟甲基二羟基环乙烯脲树脂(简称2D树脂)是目前应用最广的一类交联剂。 经树脂整理后织物上不同程度地含有可测定的游离甲醛,主要来源于以下3方面。     

脲甲醛泡沫塑料的制备研究

以尿素与甲醛为主要原料，在一定pH值、一定温度下，将尿素分三批加入甲醛溶液中合成脲甲醛树脂，此过程减少了树脂中游离甲醛的含量。反应原理是首先由尿素和甲醛生成二羟甲基脲，然后二羟甲基脲缩合生成线性脲甲醛树脂。采用合成发泡剂溶液进行发泡，能使发泡完全、均匀、疏松、发泡过程缓和，操作容易进行，在催化剂存在下固化成型，再经过干燥而制成闭孔结构的脲甲醛泡沫塑料，并对其主要性能及生产中缺陷产生原因及解决办法进行了研究。可用做隔热保温材料、隔音材料，广泛应用于建筑、交通运输、化工、油田、医疗卫生、包装等行业，且无毒、阻燃、价格低廉。     

甲阶酚醛树脂的贮存稳定性

甲阶酚醛树脂在贮存过程中容易自缩聚,稳定性低。采用两种方法对其进行改性:一种是引入氯丙烯以降低羟甲基活性,另一种是合成高邻位酚醛树脂并加入聚乙二醇。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)分别表征了改性前后树脂的基团变化、热性能,并进行了固化动力学分析,考察了酚醛树脂的黏度变化以研究其贮存性能。研究表明:成功地运用这两种方法合成了改性树脂,且热分析结果说明羟甲基的活性有所减弱;固化动力学结果表明树脂活化能变化较小,说明树脂贮存稳定性提高且对固化影响不大,烯丙基改性将酚醛树脂的贮存期由30d提高到108d,聚乙二醇改性后也可以贮存至108d。     

防止丝绸泛黄有新法

日本经研究,用硫脲甲醛树脂或环氧树脂等树脂进行处理,不仅具有极为优良的抑制泛黄的效果,而且由于纤维表面树脂化,因此比水溶性泛黄防止剂耐洗濯性能好,可望迅即投入应用。最近还发现对提高丝绸防皱性有较好效果的二羟甲基乙烯脲树脂和水溶性氨基甲酸乙酯树脂以5:5比率混和的复合树脂也有一     

改性聚丙烯酸酯乳液织物防水剂的研制

报道了改性聚丙烯酸乳液织物防水剂的配方设计,合成工艺。通过性能对比实验,表明在乳液共聚时加1％N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺,可提高树脂的防水性能及与织物的粘结力;加入改性剂,则可明显提高树脂的防水性能。     

水性紫外光固化聚氨酯丙烯酸酯树脂的合成

采用甲苯二异氰酸酯、聚丙二醇、二羟甲基丙酸和丙烯酸羟乙酯合成了水性紫外光固化聚氨酯丙烯酸酯树脂,并用高支化聚酯对其进行了改性,研究分析了影响树脂水溶性和感光性的各种因素。结果表明,树脂亲水性与亲水基团含量呈正比;以819-DW为光引发剂,质量分数为3%时,涂膜光固化速度最佳;经高支化聚酯改性后的涂膜的综合性能有了较大的提高,质量分数为10%时,涂膜的综合性能最佳。     

影响苯胺改性酚醛模塑料冲击强度的因素分析

通过试验对苯胺改性酚醛模塑料冲击强度的因素进行分析,试验表明:选择成型时间在70￣80s的苯胺改性酚醛树脂、粘度在40￣46秒的普通酚醛树脂,两种树脂比例在7:3左右、纤维的比例在35%￣40%、增强剂A的比例在2%左右,可使苯胺改性酚醛模塑料的冲击强度大约达到8kJ/m2。     

合成四甲氧甲基甘脲工艺条件的研究

四甲氧甲基甘脲是一种新型粉末涂料的交联剂。通过碱催化把甘脲和多聚甲醛缩合成四羟甲基甘脲中间体,然后再与过量的甲醇在酸性条件下合成四甲氧甲基甘脲。研究了反应物摩尔比、pH值、反应时间和温度,以及滴加速度等各因素对四羟甲基甘脲中间体和四甲氧甲基甘脲收率的影响,并通过正交实验得到最佳工艺条件。产物采用红外色谱仪(FT-IR)进行了表征;使用了高效液相色谱仪和紫外色谱仪检测了产品的纯度和产率。据上述红外、液相色谱分析可知,本方法合成的四甲氧甲基甘脲产率高,能达到80%(质量分数),纯度也高达到92%。     

聚乙烯醇改性脲醛树脂化学结构及反应的13C-NMR研究

通过13C-NMR解析了采用传统工艺(碱-酸-碱工艺)合成聚乙烯醇改性脲醛树脂反应过程中的结构变化,并推测其反应.结果表明:碱性条件下,甲醛与尿素以加成反应为主,反应生成大量的-羟甲脲,尿素全部参与反应,甲醛此时以聚合状态存在,同时也有缩聚反应的发生;酸性阶段以缩聚反应为主,形成以亚甲基键或醚键连接大分子体系,聚合状态的甲醛已全部分解,并以甲二醇的形式参与缩聚反应;第3次尿素的加入明显地降低了反应体系中的游离甲醛含量,同时生成物主要为-羟甲脲.聚乙烯醇单体的化学结构在13C-NMR上有较好的表征,但可以证明有聚乙烯醇缩甲醛生成的化学位移未被检测到,因此在该实验范围内,没有聚乙烯醇缩甲醛生成.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.