运用单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术研究上海大气重金属(Zn,Cu)污染

使用气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(ATOFMS)对2007年的8月(夏季)和2008年2~3月(冬季)上海大气中的含重金属Zn,Cu颗粒物进行分析.结果表明:冬季的重金属污染比夏季严重,在单位时间内冬季观测到的含铜颗粒物数目是夏季的2倍,夏季没有观测到含锌颗粒物,冬季观测到大量的含锌颗粒物.运用自适应共振理论神经网络算法(ART-2a)对含重金属颗粒物数据进行了质谱分类分析.结果表明,含重金属颗粒物的化学成分都包括大量的有机碳、硫酸盐、硝酸盐和元素碳.夏季含铜颗粒物中同时含有氯.部分颗粒含有两种或多种重金属元素如Pb和Cu,或Pb和Zn和Mn,或Cu和V等.从粒径特征上来看,粒径最小的是含有元素碳的颗粒物,粒径分布最大值在0.4μm,其次是含有有机碳-硫酸盐,硝酸盐,氯的颗粒物,粒径分布最大值在0.5~0.6μm.粒径较大的是多种金属组合的颗粒物,最大值在1μm左右.根据单颗粒质谱特征对含重金属颗粒物进行了源解析:夏季ATOFMS采集的含重金属颗粒物主要来自垃圾焚烧和重油燃烧;冬季ATOFMS采集的含重金属颗粒物主要来自垃圾焚烧和煤炭燃烧以及金属冶炼.     

珠江广州-东莞河段重金属污染状况及分布特征

利用原子吸收和原子荧光光谱分析,对珠江广州-东莞河段重金属的污染状况及分布特征进行调查.结果发现,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As在水溶液中的浓度分别为(括号中为平均值):9.1~16.3μg·L~(-1)(11.3μg·L~(-1))、3.7~11.1μg·L~(-1)(6.8μg·L~(-1))、141~79.7μg·L~(-1)(116μg·L~(-1))、3.0~17.4μg·L~(-1)(6.8μg·L~(-1))、2.3~4.0μg·L~(-1)(3.3μg·L~(-1));在悬浮颗粒物中的含量分别为:1.7~31.2μg·L~(-1)(10.2μg·L~(-1))、6.5~27.1μg·L~(-1)(15μg·L~(-1))、6.6~114μg·L~(-1)(37.6μg·L~(-1))、0.8~22.9μg·L~(-1)(7.2μg·L~(-1))、0.3~3.0μg·L~(-1)(1.2μg·L~(-1)).污染水平高低顺序为ZnCuPbCrAs,广州河段污染较东莞河段严重,且污染指数均呈现上游高下游低的分布特征.Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As的颗粒物-水分配系数对数值(log Kp)分别为:4.16±0.16、4.79±0.27、3.73±0.21、4.33±0.67、3.93±0.15,表明河水中的重金属易于富集到悬浮颗粒物中.     

宿州矿区煤矸石风化物中重金属元素的粒径分布特征研究

在宿州朱仙庄、祁南和桃园煤矿共采集煤矸石及其风化物样品各12个,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定了煤矸石、风化物及风化物4个粒径段颗粒物中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni的含量,重点探讨了矸石风化颗粒物在4个粒径段的质量组成、重金属元素含量分布以及元素总量赋存特征,并借助离散系数指标定量分析了风化物重金属元素的粒级效应。结果表明:(1)矸石风化物中以粗颗粒为主,其质量分布主要集中在0.15-0.25 mm和大于0.25 mm两个粒径段;(2)4个粒径段的风化颗粒物中重金属元素含量及元素总量呈现出相似的粒径分布特征,最大值均出现在小于0.075 mm粒径段,最小值则出现在0.15-0.25 mm和大于0.25 mm两个粒径段,说明元素更易赋存在细颗粒物中;(3)通过定量对比6种元素的粒级效应,其离散系数大小依次为PbZnCdNiCrCu,其中Pb和Zn粒级效应显著,Cd、Ni和Cr粒级效应中等,而Cu的粒级效应较弱。     

长沙市秋季TSP中重金属形态分布和污染评价

对长沙市师大附中、雨花区和火车站3个采样点秋季的大气颗粒物(TSP)浓度以及颗粒物中的重金属元素Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的浓度和形态分布进行了研究分析,并对重金属元素的生物有效性进行了评价.结果表明,不同区域TSP浓度分布差别较大,其中雨花区最高,师大附中最低;TSP中重金属污染广泛存在,元素Zn,Pb浓度比Cu和Cd浓度要高,其中Zn的平均浓度为2.528μg.m-3,Pb为2.347μg.m-3,Cu为0.187μg.m-3,Cd为0.002μg.m-3.Tessier化学形态分析结果显示:Cu在前四态中含量非常高,特别是可交换态和碳酸盐态.Zn,Pb和Cd在前4态中分布也较多,表明4种金属元素迁移性高.生物有效性评价结果显示TSP中重金属生物可利用性强,Cu和Cd的生物有效性要高于Zn和Pb.     

上海城市地表灰尘重金属粒级效应与赋存形态研究

以上海中心城区地表灰尘中Zn,Cr和Pb为研究对象,初步探讨粒级效应对其含量及赋存形态的影响.研究结果显示：(1) 各功能区地表灰尘粒径分布具有较高一致性,小于75 μm地表灰尘占总量的47.4%,高于其他3个粒径级别; (2) 上海地表灰尘重金属处于较高污染水平,Zn,Cr和Pb最高值分别出现在商业区、工业区和居民区; (3) 地表灰尘重金属累积具有明显的粒级效应,重金属主要富集在小于75 μm粒径颗粒物中,Zn,Cr和Pb相对质量分数分别为32.8%,36.0%和30.0%,其次为75~150 μm,相对质量分数分别为31.4%,28.7%和27.6%; (4) Zn,Cr和Pb五种赋存形态在各粒级中分布较一致,Zn以碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,Cr以残渣态为主,Pb以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,生物活性Zn,Pb和Cr,粒径分布对Zn,Cr和Pb赋存形态影响较小.     

某铀尾矿库区夏季大气颗粒物污染特征研究

采集了某铀尾矿库区夏季大气颗粒物（TSP、PM2.5）,检测分析了颗粒物质量浓度及铀、重金属（Pb、Cd、Cu）含量,结果表明：TSP的质量浓度为53.9μg/m3,PM2.5的质量浓度为28.0μg/m3,TSP与PM2.5的质量浓度的相关系数R=0.832 2;TSP中铀的含量为0.078μg/m3,PM2.5中铀的含量为0.025 6μg/m3;TSP中Pb、Cd、Cu的含量分别为0.111 2μg/m3、0.014 9μg/m3、0.179 7μg/m3,PM2.5中Pb、Cd、Cu的含量分别为0.063 9μg/m3、0.007 4μg/m3、0.038 1μg/m3;TSP中重金属含量由高到低的顺序是Cu＞Pb＞Cd,PM2.5中重金属含量由高到低的顺序是Pb＞Cu＞Cd。     

典型海滨城市与海洋气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布

为研究厦门地区不同粒径颗粒物中水溶性离子的来源及海洋气溶胶对海滨城市大气颗粒物的影响,利用8级大流量MOUDI碰撞采样器分不同季节在厦门大学海洋楼及台湾海峡采集了气溶胶分级样品,并用离子色谱方法对气溶胶中的水溶性离子进行了分析.结果表明:城市点大气气溶胶中水溶性离子总质量浓度表现为春季最高(60.38μg/m~3)、夏季最低(8.76μg/m~3)、秋冬季介于两者之间的季节特征;而海洋气溶胶中水溶性离子质量浓度的季节差异较小(30.77~35.13μg/m~3).城市气溶胶中SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+呈单模态分布,峰值粒径为0.44~1.0μm;NO_3~-呈双模态分布,峰值粒径分别为2.5~10.0μm和0.44~1.0μm.海洋气溶胶中NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)的粒径分布规律与城市气溶胶类似,但NO_3~-在细模态(0.44~1.0μm)没有出现峰值,Cl~-和Na~+在大于16μm的粒径段有非常高的浓度,说明海浪飞沫的影响较大,在粗模态中的比例也明显高于城市气溶胶.干沉降速率为颗粒物大小的函数,其中在0.1μm左右的颗粒干沉降速率最小;通过干沉降速率和它们的浓度分布来计算无机氮(NO_3~-和NH_4~+)的沉降通量,估算得到远海颗粒态无机氮的干沉降通量明显超过近海(秋季NH_4~+除外).     

上海春季大气颗粒物中致敏悬铃木花粉蛋白的分布特征

选择上海大气颗粒物中悬铃木致敏花粉蛋白Pla a3为研究对象,利用生物工程手段表达Pla a3蛋白,并利用该致敏蛋白免疫大鼠,制备出单一致敏原的抗体.通过酶联免疫吸附测定法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA),检测分析上海大气颗粒物中Pla a3的分布特征.结果表明:颗粒物中总蛋白质量浓度在1.1μm的粒径段内最高,为2.5～3.0μg/m3;Pla a3蛋白主要分布在7.0μm的粒径段内,其平均质量浓度为7.5 pg/m3,但在1.1μm粒径段内的质量浓度最低.在上述分析结果基础上,将进一步探讨颗粒物中主要有害组分与致敏蛋白分布之间的关系.     

秦岭铅锌矿冶炼厂区周边土壤重金属分布特征研究

目的为了解铅锌过程中重金属对周边土壤的污染情况。方法对秦岭凤县铅锌矿冶炼厂周边8个区域土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu等4种主要重金属的分布规律进行了初步研究,分析了冶炼厂周边环境现状,提出了对策建议。结果研究表明冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染严重,绝大部分区域重金属含量已超过对照点测定值和国家土壤环境质量二级标准,最高超标倍数依次为Zn10倍、Pb6．5倍、Cd6．2倍、Cu4．0倍。结论厂区常年主导下风向土壤中重金属含量高于上风向土壤中;冶炼厂周边土壤环境中重金属污染以Zn为主,其次为Pb和Cd,Cu污染较小。     

兴隆本底站大气气溶胶中无机元素的粒径分布及来源分析

用ICP-MS测定Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Al和K等25种元素的浓度,讨论了这些元素的浓度特征、粒径分布以及来源.结果表明,兴隆大气气溶胶中无机元素中Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Al和K占已测元素总浓度的96%,所有元素均呈现在秋季具有较高的浓度水平.粒径分布显示,本研究中所检测的25种元素几乎均呈现双模态分布,在4.7~5.8μm粒径段出现峰值和在0.43~0.65μm粒径段出现较小的峰值,且以粗粒径段分布为主.富集因子法分析结果显示,兴隆主要受到地壳源和燃烧源的影响.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.