玉米秸燃烧中挥发分析出对氯化钾的携带作用

为了研究生物质燃烧过程中挥发分析出对氯化钾(KCl)从固相向气相析出的携带作用,采用管式炉,在500℃到650℃温度下,对纯玉米秸粉和添加了KCl的玉米秸粉进行了燃烧实验,并对燃烧底灰进行了X射线荧光检测(XRF)。采用灰以及灰元素的质量守恒分析方法,计算了KCl的携带率。结果表明:玉米秸燃烧时,挥发分会将2%到5%的固相KCl携带到气相中。携带率受温度影响,550℃时携带率到达最大值。携带率小于5%,说明挥发分携带不是燃烧过程中KCl析出的主要方式。     

稻壳和稻草的热重-质谱分析及其反应动力学

采用热重-质谱(TG-MS)联用对比研究了氮气气氛中稻壳和稻草在升温速率分别为5,20℃/min时的热解行为,分析得到了稻壳和稻草热裂解过程产生的小分子气相产物(CO,CO_2,CH_4,H_2)随温度和升温速率变化的释放规律.结果表明:稻壳和稻草的热解过程可分为脱水干燥预热解阶段、挥发分析出快速热解阶段和残余物裂解炭化阶段;稻草热解总失重率约为75%,稻壳约为55%,而且稻草的热解特性指数高于稻壳;稻草热解释放生物质燃气主要成分(CO,CH_4,H_2)的离子流强度明显高于稻壳;用Coats-Redfern法计算生物质的热解动力学参数,表观活化能和挥发分初始析出温度均是稻草稻壳,这与实验结果吻合,表明相同条件下稻草的热解性能优于稻壳.     

城市生活垃圾可燃组分挥发分析出动力学预测

为了给气化焚烧炉工艺参数的确定提供参考依据,实验研究城市生活垃圾中5种可燃组分在氮气、二氧化碳和空气中挥发分的析出特性。热重分析表明:各组分在空气气氛下挥发分析出的同时发生挥发分燃烧,氮气和二氧化碳气氛下的挥发分析出特性基本一致;含氯塑料和织物的挥发分分2段析出,其余各组分挥发分为1段析出;各物料的挥发分析出区间为250~520℃,挥发时间小于10 min。根据Caots-Redfern方法确定动力学参数并进行动力学预测。     

城市生活垃圾可燃组分挥发分析出动力学预测

为了给气化焚烧炉工艺参数的确定提供参考依据,实验研究城市生活垃圾中5种可燃组分在氮气、二氧化碳和空气中挥发分的析出特性。热重分析表明:各组分在空气气氛下挥发分析出的同时发生挥发分燃烧,氮气和二氧化碳气氛下的挥发分析出特性基本一致;含氯塑料和织物的挥发分分两段析出,其余各组分挥发分为一段析出;各物料的挥发分析出区间为250-520℃,挥发时间小于10min。根据Caots-Redfern方法确定动力学参数并进行动力学预测。     

木质素热裂解特性及动力学研究

利用热重分析仪与气相色谱/质谱联用仪(TG-GC/MS)对木质素进行了动态升温热裂解研究。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析木质素微观结构,得到不同升温速率下的热重曲线,研究表明,木质素高温热裂解可以分为3个阶段,分别为干燥失水阶段、挥发分析出阶段和炭化阶段;随着升温速率的增加,各个阶段的最大失重率所对应的温度均向高温侧轻微移动,并且失重程度也随之增加;升温速率对木质素热裂解挥发分析出阶段机理模型的选择没有影响,其热裂解反应机理是一级反应控制机理,木质素热裂解挥发分析出阶段在不同升温速率下的表观活化能为54~63 k J·mol-1;对TG-GC/MS的联用提出了新的见解,设计加装了空气驱动阀,获得了主要热裂解气体产物CO,CO2,CH4和H2在不同温度下的析出规律。     

氯化镁的丁醇蒸馏法脱水(英文)

测定了MgCl_2H_2O-BuOH体系中氯化镁的溶解度、溶液的沸点以及平衡气相的组成。讨论了醇蒸馏法进行氯化镁脱水的可能性,认为正丁醇是最佳的溶剂之一。这样,制备的原始溶液的克分子比为MgCl_2∶H_2O∶C_4H_9OH=1∶6∶7,在101.3kPa压力下蒸馏以除去溶液中的绝大部分水,再加热至450℃以除去丁醇而得到无水氯化镁,其中氧化镁含量小于1.5%。     

两种褐煤快速脱挥发分行为

用电加热金属丝网装置在氮气气氛下进行快速热解实验,考察了温度、加热速率、压力、加热时间和煤样粒度对霍林河和义马褐煤脱挥发分的影响。结果观察到,挥发分析出率(V)随着温度的增高而增加,两种煤样的极限产率均超过了工业分析挥发分产半。加热速率对最终挥发分析出率(FV)的影响不仅因煤种而异,而且与终温有关,对于霍林河煤加热速率没有影响;对于义马煤,在600℃下,加热速半亦无影响,而在800℃下,FV随加热速率的提高呈现上升趋势。煤样粒度的影响类似于加热速率。没有观察到压力对FV的明显影响。     

基于TG和FTIR的印尼油砂微观结构及热解特性实验

采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对四种油砂微观结构和官能团进行研究,通过FTIR谱图的分峰拟合处理,对油砂主要官能团进行半定量分析。研究表明:油砂由芳香烃、脂肪烃、羟基官能团和含氧官能团等组成,其中芳香烃结构和醇类化合物为主。利用TGA/DSC1型同步热分析仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(TG-FTIR)进行了油砂热解特性实验,考察了升温速率对热解特性的影响,探究了油砂热解过程中挥发分的析出规律与主要气相产物H_2O、CO_2、CO、CH_4、CnHm的释放特性。结果表明:油砂热解过程分为干燥脱气段、低温热解和高温热解3个阶段,其中有机质挥发分的析出主要发生在低温热解段;随着升温速率的提高,油砂热解产物释放更加集中,热解特性趋好。油砂热解过程中先析出游离水,随后发生解聚和脱水反应,主要的烷基侧链不断脱落、环化及含氧官能团逐渐断裂生成各种烷烃类、羧酸类、醇类和醛类等物质,甲氧基(—O—CH_3)、亚甲基(—CH_2—)和甲基(—CH_3)在低温段(600℃)断裂振动生成有机气体C_nH_m和CH_4。     

几种典型农作物生物质的热解及动力学特性

利用热重法研究了4种典型的农作物生物质(稻壳、稻草、玉米芯、玉米杆)的热解与动力学特性,并和煤矸石、污泥进行了比较分析.结果表明,其热解过程可以分为3个阶段:预热干燥阶段、挥发分析出阶段和炭化阶段.热解失重主要发生在挥发分析出阶段.由于实验样品农作物生物质的高挥发分、低固定碳,其热解比较彻底,综合热解特性指数依次为稻壳<玉米杆<稻草<玉米芯;同时,在热解前期,挥发分剧烈析出,有明显的失重峰且活化能较低,热解后期失重峰不明显,活化能变高.而对于煤矸石,在热解初期,由于灰分在一定程度上阻碍了挥发分的扩散,使挥发分不易析出,并在热解后期存在二次反应.污泥的热解特性与生物质相似.4种物质除稻壳和玉米芯的热解第1阶段遵循相界面R2模型,其余各生物质和各阶段均遵循一级反应模型;而煤矸石在热解初始阶段服从三维球对称扩散机制,热解后期服从级数为3/2的热解反应,污泥服从简单反应级数机理.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备氧化钼薄膜

以MoCl_3(OC_2H_5)_2为原料,应用溶胶-凝胶法制备了透明均匀的氧化钼薄膜。实验发现,合适的工艺条件为:浸透液浓度0.1～1.0mol/L,浸透湿度40～60％,H_2O/MoCl_3(OC_2H_5)_2摩尔比2～4,热处理温度300℃。薄膜在300℃以下热处理是非晶态的,加热到350℃时,有MoO_3晶相出现。应用红外吸收光谱、X-射线衍射对干凝胶的结构和组成进行了研究,在空气气氛中热处理干凝胶,主晶相是MoO_3,加热到600℃时,存在Mo_9O_(26)晶相;在氩气中,300℃是MoO_2晶相,400℃以上则为MoO_2和η-Mo_4O-(11)两种晶相,在1Pa真空中,300～400℃有MoO_2、Mo_8O_(23)和MoO_(28)三种晶相,600℃则转化为MoO_2和ν-Mo_4O_(11)两种晶相。应用DTA对凝胶进行热分析表明:在98℃左右,溶剂C_2H_5OH和吸附水挥发,加热到400℃以上,残余有机物开始氧化分解。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.