心肌3种应力的并联桥本构模型

为了深入研究心肌的力学性质,通过理论推导,提出了心肌的并联桥本构模型。该模型包含心肌的被动力、主动力和生长应力三种模型。被动力模型是一个各向异性的非线性弹性模型,其力学性质主要决定于心肌的纤维方向的力学性质;结合自由钙离子浓度演化方程和横桥动力学模型,发展了心肌的主动力模型,在周期化钙离子浓度场的基础上,得到随时间周期变化的主动应力;提出了生长应力的概念,建立基于生长因子表达变化的生长应力模型。研究结果表明,并联桥本构模型完备地反映了心肌的被动力、主动力和生长应力3种应力状态模型。     

心肌3种应力的并联桥本构模型

为了深入研究心肌的力学性质,通过理论推导,提出了心肌的并联桥本构模型。该模型包含心肌的被动力、主动力和生长应力三种模型。被动力模型是一个各向异性的非线性弹性模型,其力学性质主要决定于心肌的纤维方向的力学性质;结合自由钙离子浓度演化方程和横桥动力学模型,发展了心肌的主动力模型,在周期化钙离子浓度场的基础上,得到随时间周期变化的主动应力;提出了生长应力的概念,建立基于生长因子表达变化的生长应力模型。研究结果表明,并联桥本构模型完备地反映了心肌的被动力、主动力和生长应力3种应力状态模型。     

弹丸引信系统膛内冲击加速度测试技术与动力分析

本文研究了用硬线技术进行弹丸引信系统膛内信息测试的方法、测试中仪器设备的配置和使用,对测试系统的主要组成部分作了较详细的介绍和讨论,给出了部分测试结果。用有限元方法建立了弹丸引信系统的多自由度模型,计算了82毫米无后座炮破甲弹和85毫米加农炮榴弹的振动频率和振型,并由此分析了所测信号的某些性质和硬线技术中用的收线杯对弹丸引信系统动力特性的影响,同时对收线杯的影响还进行了实验分析。实验结果与理论计算的结果符合较好。     

北大成功研制出仿生机器海豚

经过两年多时间的跨学科科研攻关，北京大学力学与工程科学智能控制实验室、北京大学系统与控制研究中心以长江学者王龙为首的课题组，成功研制出两代仿生海豚样机PKU-dolphin Ⅰ和PKU-dolphinn Ⅱ，并研制出了一套机器海豚实验和测试平台。     

用笔记本电脑构建生物阻抗记录仪——基于虚拟仪器技术

运用虚拟仪器技术研制一种基于笔记本电脑的便捷式生物阻抗记录仪,其目的在于使医生在医学实验中可方便地测定、记录动物活体心肌组织的阻抗特性变化,以揭示生物阻抗变化与生物组织的病理特征之间的相关性。系统利用美国NI公司的虚拟仪器技术,由带PCMCIA插槽的笔记本电脑和NI多功能数据采集卡构建二线制阻抗测量系统,通过软件编程按设定的频率提供强度可控的被测生物组织激励信号,再通过DAQ采集被测生物组织的电压信号,计算测定出被测生物电阻抗(模)。此系统已经浙江省人民医院心胸外科成功地试用于动物实验中,可对心肌阻抗值变化进行全程记录,而记录数据还可进一步予以离线分析处理,因而该系统非常适用于生物阻抗变化与生物病理特征相关性的医学研究。     

通用分布式路由协议测试系统的设计

协议测试系统是执行协议测试的基本组成部分,一个设计完善的系统既优化测试套的编写,又可以减少对硬件的需求,从而使得测试工作得以高效的运行.系统介绍了一个通用的分布式路由协议测试系统的设计与实现方法,详细描述了该系统的设计思路以及一些实现算法.通过对OSPFv3进行的两个从测的测试实验,验证了该系统的有效性,最后对该系统的特点进行了总结,并且提出了下一步应该考虑的工作.     

数字激光高速摄影系统及其在爆炸光测力学实验中的应用

 为解决爆炸光测力学中的高速数据采集问题,建立了基于泵浦激光器和Fastcam-SA5 数字高速相机的数字激光高速摄影系统,并应用于爆炸载荷下的焦散线实验、光弹性实验和纹影实验。结果显示,该数字激光高速摄影系统真实记录了爆生裂纹扩展情景、裂纹尖端焦散斑、光弹模型试件表面等差线条纹,以及切缝药包产生的冲击波在空气中的传播过程;清晰的数字照片验证了该数字激光高速摄影系统的可行性和先进性,实现了"一套系统,多种实验",丰富了爆炸光测力学的测试手段及应用范围。     

用一个线阵CCD检测刚体瞬态平面运动的研究

介绍高速外触发式远距离驱动线阵ＣＣＤ传感器及其数据采集系统,利用该套系统测试刚体的瞬态平面运动,获得了被测刚体的角位移、角速度及其特定点的位置、角速度。测试结果与其他方法的测试结果比较,比较吻合。     

测量压电式微压传感器灵敏度的新方法

研制了一套压电微压传感器的性能测量系统,它采用均匀声腔硅油介质中传播的声波作为压力源,标准传感器和被测传感器同时接收波动声压,比较两传感器的输出,测定被测传感器的灵敏度及频响。实验测试了3只压电式微压传感器,结果表明:传感器的灵敏度平均为3.0mV/Pa,工作频率为20~2 000Hz,灵敏度随频率波动小于0.5mV/Pa,灵敏度重复偏差小于0.24mV/Pa。     

浅谈现代材料力学实验常用测试手段

力学实验是研究力学的重要手段之一,现在已经独立发展为一门独立的学科—实验力学。本文介绍了现代材料力学实验中常用的测试手段,比较了各类测试方法在实验和工程应用中的特点。对于在力学实验教学和工程测试中具有参考意义。     

A dynamical system-Markov model for active postsynaptic responses of muscle spindle afferent nerve

Motoneuron is the control unit of skeletal muscles,and the dynamic frequency-regulating feedback from the afferent nerve of receptors like muscle spindles forms the physical basis of its closed-loop regulation.Focused on the synapses of muscle spindle afferents,this paper established a dynamical system-Markov model starting from presynaptic stimulations to postsynaptic responses,and further verified the model via comparisons between theoretical results and relevant experimental data.With the purpose of describing the active features of dendritic membrane,we employed the methods of dynamical systems rather than the traditional passive cable theory,and identified the physical meaning of parameters involved.For the dynamic behavior of postsynaptic currents,we adopted simplified Markov models so that the analytical solutions for the open dynamics of postsynaptic receptors can be obtained.The model in this paper is capable of simulating the actual non-uniformity of channel density,and is suitable for complex finite element analysis of neurons;thus it facilitates the exploration of the frequency-regulating feedback and control mechanisms of motoneurons.     

Limitations in the use of actomyosin threads as model contractile systems

Recent studies have suggested that actomyosin threads may provide a useful model for studying the properties of contractile systems. The development of highly sensitive positional feedback transducers has enabled the properties of these threads to be measured reproducibly. Potential applications include such systems as ventricle, smooth muscle and non-muscle preparations, from which it is difficult to obtain suitable fibres for mechanical studies. In addition, studies with chemically modified myosins may provide new insights into the relationships between the biochemical and mechanical events in the cross-bridge cycle. However, there are indications that the mechanical properties of actomyosin threads differ from those of intact fibres in several important respects. For example, contraction velocity is proportional to isometric tension in threads, but is independent of filament density in intact fibres. We have now determined the force-velocity characteristics of actomyosin threads prepared from muscles with known differences in their physiological contraction velocities. No direct relationships could be found between the velocity characteristics of the threads and those of intact muscle. We conclude that the measured velocities of threads reflect properties of the actomyosins other than cross-bridge cycling times, thus severely limiting the usefulness of this technique for comparative purposes.     

Horses damp the spring in their step.

The muscular work of galloping in horses is halved by storing and returning elastic strain energy in spring-like muscle-tendon units.These make the legs act like a child's pogo stick that is tuned to stretch and recoil at 2.5 strides per second. This mechanism is optimized by unique musculoskeletal adaptations: the digital flexor muscles have extremely short fibres and significant passive properties, whereas the tendons are very long and span several joints. Length change occurs by a stretching of the spring-like digital flexor tendons rather than through energetically expensive length changes in the muscle. Despite being apparently redundant for such a mechanism, the muscle fibres in the digital flexors are well developed. Here we show that the mechanical arrangement of the elastic leg permits it to vibrate at a higher frequency of 30-40 Hz that could cause fatigue damage to tendon and bone. Furthermore, we show that the digital flexor muscles have minimal ability to contribute to or regulate significantly the 2.5-Hz cycle of movement, but are ideally arranged to damp these high-frequency oscillations in the limb.     

应用微型剪切试验评定焊接接头的力学性能

该文介绍一种研究金属材料机械性能的新型试验方法－微型剪切试验方法在焊接技术中的应用。该方法简单、省料、试验数据重现性好，尤其适用于定量测定不均匀材料各狭窄区域的性能参数或性能梯度。该文着重研究了用微型剪切法评定ＣＯ２焊接接头各区域性能，并将有关试验结果与常规Ｃｈａｒｐｙ冲击试验结果相比较。对上述两种方法的试验结果经过回归处理，表明剪切强度与Ｃｈａｒｐｙ冲击功之间有较好的对应关系。试验结果初步认为，     

Is resistance of a muscle to fatigue controlled by its motoneurones?

The original experiment of Buller et al. and the many subsequent confirmatory reports clearly show that the time-to-peak tension and many other speed-related parameters of slow and fast muscle fibres are dictated by the motoneurone. It has been concluded that the motoneurone exerts this control of the physiological and associated biochemical properties by the frequency at which it excites the muscle fibre. However, no studies have been reported on the fatigue properties and the associated biochemical characteristics after cross-reinnervation. Based on the 'size principle' of motoneurones, it would be reasonable to assume that a muscle fibre reinnervated by a small motoneurone would be active often and that this would be manifested biochemically as an elevated oxidative capacity. Also, it has been shown repeatedly that the mitochondrial content of a muscle fibre can be modified by daily endurance type exercise. Thus, it would seem that the motoneurone at least indirectly also controls the mitochondrial content of a muscle fibre by controlling the degree of activity. We have now tested this hypothesis using self- and cross-reinnervated muscles in cats. We found that fast- and slow-twitch muscles retained their characteristic fatigue resistance properties regardless of whether the nerve to which they had become connected had originally innervated a fatigue-resistant or relatively fatiguable muscle.     

Mechanical performance of scallop adductor muscle during swimming.

Mechanical performance of skeletal muscle has long been the subject of intense interest, but the details of in vivo performance of individual skeletal muscles during normal locomotion remain largely unknown. Performance in vitro has been described with considerable precision under simplified loading conditions. The force production and shortening velocity of most muscles, however, probably change continuously during natural movements. Therefore, modelling in vivo performance on the basis of in vitro contractile properties is subject to large degrees of uncertainty. Designing in vitro experiments that effectively examine the limits of mechanical performance requires increasing knowledge of precisely how muscles are used during normal movements. We report here measurements of the mechanical performance of the adductor muscle in scallops during jet-propulsion swimming. Swimming in scallops is powered solely by the striated portion of the single adductor muscle. Exploiting this simple locomotor morphology with simultaneous high-resolution measurements of pressure and flow rate, we have recorded nearly instantaneous measurements of the performance of a single skeletal muscle during normal locomotion.     

Relationship between the partitioning properties of motoneuron recruitment and the needle feeling propagation

Histological and physiological studies indicated that most skeletal muscles can be divided into a series of relatively independent sub-volumes: "neuromuscular compartments" and the partitioning property of the muscle result in the localization of muscle reflex. In the present experiment we studied the recruitment properties of medial gastracnemius (MG) muscle motoneuron pool of decerebrate cat with two kinds of local mechanical stimulation: local stretch and acupuncture-like stimuli. The results indicate that: (ⅰ) there is an obvious property of localization of recruitment activity, only the MNs which innervate the stimulated compartment were recruited by weaker and shorter stimuli; (ⅱ) recruitment activity spread to those MNs which supply the adjacent and distal compartments during the strength of stimulation or duration of the stimulation was increased; and (ⅲ) the recruitment property of muscle activity elicited by the local mechanical stimulation is thought similar to that of "needle feeling" along the meridian pathway during stimulation of acupuncture point.     

基于OpenSim人体步行腓肠肌静态生物力学分析

为准确、快速地研究人体下肢运动规律,构建人体下肢模型。针对该模型推导出了人体步行状态下腓肠肌相应的力学方程F_1(t)。利用OpenSim搭建人体骨骼肌肉模型,并以腓肠肌进行静态力学分析为例,解析了肌肉在逆向运动学(IK)和残差缩减(RRA)两种不同分析方法中的肌肉激活度和力矩。研究结果表明:此模型能准确地模拟人体下肢肌肉的运动规律,利用RRA分析能够真实反映腓肠肌的受力情况,分析出肌肉激活度,为进一步揭示膝关节和踝关节的生物力学特性和为设计人体下肢康复机器人提供肌肉阻尼奠定基础。     

基于动态碳配分机制的高强塑积热成形钢研究

通过直接淬火、QP、回火等工艺对一种低碳含铜钢进行热处理,并使用拉伸试验机、落锤冲击试验机、扫描电镜、电子探针、X射线衍射、透射电镜等手段对其力学性能、显微组织和冲击性能进行表征.在连续冷却淬火过程中观察到碳在马氏体和残余奥氏体间的动态配分现象,QP处理和低温回火可改善实验钢的冲击韧性;实验钢综合力学性能良好:强塑积大于20 GPa%,抗拉强度超过1 400 MPa,延伸率约14%,室温冲击功高于40 J.结果表明,所开发的实验钢可以满足热冲压工艺对成形淬火一体化的要求,可作为具有高强塑积的热成形用钢.