高浓度试验区不同注入方式驱油效果实验研究

为提高原油采收率,寻找剩余油挖潜的方法,进一步完善聚合物驱油理论体系.通过室内物理模拟实验,研究不同注入方式对高浓度试验区适应性,优选出最佳段塞组合,为试验区注入方案设计提供参考依据.主要开展了(1)相同聚合物、不同浓度、单一段塞驱油效果研究:采用炼化超高分2 500万和再创700万抗盐聚合物,其中炼化超高分2 500万聚合物注入浓度为1 000 mg/L、1 500 mg/L、2 000 mg/L、2 500 mg/L、3 000 mg/L五个浓度点;再创700万抗盐聚合物注入浓度为800 mg/L、1 100 mg/L、1 400 mg/L、1 700 mg/L、2 000 mg/L五个浓度点,开展水驱后聚合物驱油实验研究,得出不同阶段采收率、含水率变化规律.确定注聚的调整时机,优选两种聚合物单独驱油最佳注入浓度、聚合物用量以及最终提高采收率效果; (2)相同聚合物、不同浓度、多段塞组合驱油效果研究:采用超高分2 500万聚合物,注入浓度分别为2 500 mg/L、2 000 mg/L、1 200 mg/L,聚合物总用量2 000mg/L·PV,通过各段塞大小变化,组合成4套方案,最终后续水驱到含水98 %,得出不同流度控制方案对驱油效果的影响,评价确定2 500万聚合物不同浓度梯次段塞组合方式及提高采收率效果;(3)不同聚合物、不同浓度、多段塞组合驱油效果研究:根据第一个实验的结果确定炼化超高分2 500万和再创700万抗盐聚合物合适浓度,总聚合物用量2 000 mg/L·PV,测定3套方案注入压力、综合含水率、吸液指数及采收率等的变化,评价不同聚合物、不同浓度、多段塞组合驱油效果,评价确定两种聚合物不同浓度多段塞组合驱油效果.最后,综合对比三种方案的采出程度、压力和聚合物用量,确定高浓度试验区的最佳注入方案.     

聚合物浓度及段塞组合对驱油效果的影响

在模拟大庆油田聚合物驱条件下,室内实验研究了高分子量聚合物的浓度、段塞组合对驱油效果的影响。实验结果表明,在聚合物总用量相同的情况下,随着高分子量聚合物浓度的增大,聚合物驱采收率增大。采用小段塞,并且不断降低聚合物黏度的方案注入时,提高采收率的幅度最大,聚驱采收率可达40.12%,最终采收率达80.48%。     

泡沫体系注入方式优化及可视化研究

针对一些油田地层矿化度高的特点,使用抗盐起泡剂HY-6,通过非均质填砂管实验,研究4种注入方式对泡沫调剖增油效果的影响,并研究泡沫在非均质可视化填砂模型中提高采收率的机理.结果表明:注入一定量的聚合物前缘段塞有利于增大波及系数,4种注入段塞组合方式中较好的组合方式"为质量分数为0.1%聚合物YG100前缘段塞(0.1 PV)+质量分数为0.3%起泡剂HY-6段塞(0.3 PV)+泡沫主段塞(0.5 PV)";泡沫驱主要利用贾敏效应封堵高渗区,增大低渗区的波及系数,从而提高采收率.此外,泡沫前缘因遇油消泡,产生气驱和稀表面活性剂驱,可以明显改善高渗区的洗油效率.     

龙虎泡低渗透油田聚表二元复合驱实验研究

针对龙虎泡低渗透油田水驱开发效果差、采收率低等特点,开展了聚合物和表面活性剂二元复合驱在低渗透油藏适应性的室内评价实验.注入性实验表明,相对分子量为2 200万的FP-3聚合物注入渗透率46.45×10-3μm2的岩心未发生堵塞,具有良好的注入选择性及封堵选择性.驱油实验表明,聚合物和表面活性剂可分别提高低渗透岩心驱油效率10%和20%,且表面活性剂容易注入,可降低注入压力.在聚合物和表面活性剂不同段塞组合实验中,两者分段塞注入的方式优于单独注入表面活性剂或将两者混合后注入的方式,其中先注聚合物后注入表面活性剂的段塞组合方式最好,可提高采收率17.74%.因此,对于非均质性较弱的低渗透油田,可采用聚表二元复合驱技术,先注入聚合物降低储层的非均质性,后注入表面活性剂启动低渗区的剩余油.     

等粘度聚合物溶液对驱油效果影响研究

通过室内物理模拟实验,设计等黏度驱替实验中两种不同相对分子质量(1.9×107和2.5×107)聚合物溶液的黏度为78.9mPa·s(45℃下),对比了两者的黏弹性及其在等速注入和恒压注入下的驱油效果。实验结果表明,在等速注入和恒压注入,通过降低聚合物相对分子质量提高聚合物溶液浓度保持聚合物溶液黏度不变,低分子量高浓度方案化学驱采收率比高分子量低浓度方案提高近一个百分点;以等速方案最高压力恒定注入方案的化学驱采收率最高;在注入PV数相等时,相同黏度的两种不同聚合物交替注入驱方案驱油效果要优于这两种聚合物整体段塞驱方案。     

非均质油藏中水气交替驱油机理研究

分别利用均质和非均质岩心模型,进行了连续气驱和水气交替驱油实验,研究了不同非均质性模型中,注气方式对气驱油效果影响的差异。结果表明,均质模型中水驱后连续注气与水气交替提高驱油效率幅度分别为15.8%和14.9%,注气方式对气驱油效率影响较小;而非均质模型中直接水气交替驱原油采收率为78%,连续注气、间歇注采和周期注气原油采收率分别为41.9%、32.2%和42.3%,水气交替注入原油采收率最高,气体注入方式对气驱原油采收率影响较大。均质模型中,气驱后水气交替驱时,水段塞为主要驱油段塞;而非均质模型中,气驱后水气交替驱时,气体段塞是主要驱油段塞。     

特低渗油藏氮气泡沫驱油效率实验研究其现场应用

为进一步提高特低渗JD油田原油采收率,在模拟油藏条件下,开展氮气泡沫驱油效率实验,研究注入方式、注入量、注入速度以及气液比对氮气泡沫驱油效率的影响。结果表明:水驱后转气水交替驱易形成窜流,封堵效果不佳;氮气泡沫驱驱油效率比纯氮气驱驱油效率高;氮气与起泡剂溶液段塞式注入比气液混合注入更适合该区块;采出程度增幅随着注入速度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当气液体积比为1∶1时,整体采出程度增幅最大。最佳的注入段塞量为0. 1 PV0. 33%起泡剂溶液+0. 1 PV氮气+0. 03 PV地层水+0. 1 PV0. 33%起泡剂溶液+0. 1 PV氮气+0. 03 PV地层水,段塞的最佳注入速度为0. 03 m L/min。现场试验表明氮气泡沫驱能有效提高原油采收率。     

低渗油藏注CO2／N2组合段塞改善驱油效率实验

针对江苏高集低渗低饱和低能量油藏,开展了先注CO₂前置段塞再后续N2段塞顶替的驱油机理研究。通过高集油藏地层原油加注CO₂／N₂气体互溶性膨胀相态机理、多次接触抽提-凝析过程相态机理以及交替注CO₂／N₂组合段塞细管驱替最小混相压力测试、长岩芯驱替效率等实验和模拟研究,对CO₂／N₂组合段塞注气驱油机理及效果进行了分析评价。结果显示,先注CO₂前置段塞再后续注N2顶替的驱替方式能更有效地发挥CO₂增溶膨胀、近混相和N₂弹性膨胀驱油的优势,其驱油效率能达到甚至超过单纯注CO₂的驱油效率。这种驱替方式不仅有利于改善注非烃气体的驱替效率,还可减轻令人担忧的采油井气窜后所带来的采油管柱和设备的腐蚀问题。此外将这一方式推广到注CO₂前置段塞再后续注烟道气的驱替过程,还可在提高油藏采收率的同时实现工业温室气体地下环保埋存。     

正交试验设计法在优化注聚参数研究中的应用

注聚参数的选择是制定聚合物驱开发方案的关键环节,直接决定着聚合物驱开发的成败。根据矿场实践经验,确定了影响双河油田Ⅳ下层系聚合物驱开发效果的敏感因素。根据正交试验设计原理,考虑聚合物浓度、聚合物用量、注入速度、注采比四个因素,每个因素取三个水平,进行正交试验设计,以采收率增量、吨聚增油量和综合指标为评价指标,优化得到最优的注聚参数组合,以减少试验的次数,保证优化结果的科学性。在最优参数组合基础上,设计了不同段塞组合方式,确定了最佳段塞组合方式,为指导双河油田Ⅳ下层系聚合物驱开发提供了科学依据。     

低渗透油层超低界面张力化学驱油方式研究

针对目前低渗透油层水驱采收率较低的问题,在室内采用新型超低界面张力活性剂(SLB甜菜碱型)稀体系及其与相对分子质量为480万的聚丙烯酰胺复配体系,在人造低渗透均质圆柱状岩心中进行了8个方案的化学驱油方式对比研究.结果表明:对未开发或刚投入水驱的低渗透油层单独使用SLB超低界面张力活性剂驱油时,应先注活性水段塞,后进行水驱,方可获得较高的采收率;对已进行水驱且注入水接近突破的低渗透油层,在采出液含水率达98%以后,先注低分子量聚合物水溶液段塞,后注SLB超低界面张力活性水段塞,将比注入二者的复配体系段塞获得更高的采收率.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.