褐煤提质联产油工艺的数值模拟与分析

通过褐煤提质联产油工艺(LFC)实验装置进行芒来褐煤热解提质实验,取得流程模拟中需要的原始数据,在对LFC工艺流程模拟的基础上,对其进行分析,计算各操作单元的损失,分析损失产生的原因,指出提高效率的方法。结果表明:原煤处理量为1000.00 kg/h时,须补充甲烷37.80 kg/h;损失的主要原因是由于热量传递的不可逆性和化学反应的不可逆性;LFC工艺的效率为74.39%,可以通过改进工艺、回收利用半焦和热解气的物理来提高系统的效率。     

生物质气化合成二甲醚系统的火用分析

基于生物质串行流化床气化合成二甲醚(DME)系统的Aspen Plus模拟,对系统进行热力学火用分析,研究了气化反应参数与合成反应参数对各子系统和总系统的火用效率影响.研究结果显示:火用损失主要发生在气化子系统中;气化产物氢碳摩尔比在2左右时,系统火用效率可达到最大;液化子系统提高气化合成二甲醚一步反应的有效转化率,降低循环气份额,可有效提高系统火用效率;全系统的火用损失主要是由过程的不可逆性引起的,内部火用损率近80%.对于稻秸气化一步法合成二甲醚系统,适宜的气化温度为750~800℃,水蒸气生物质质量比为0.3;在合成温度为260~280℃,合成压力为4.0~4.5 MPa的条件下,系统的二甲醚产率可达到6.20 mol/kg,火用效率达到51.66%.     

（火积）损失极值原理在热源塔热泵系统优化运行中的应用

为优化热源塔热泵系统的运行,基于火积理论,提出热源塔热泵系统火积损失极值原理,并构建热源塔热泵系统火积损失模型。通过模拟和实验分别研究在定系统供热量和定系统输入功率时,系统在不同运行工况下的火积损失率,得出系统的最优运行工况。研究结果表明:系统火积损失率实验值与模拟值的相对误差不超过9.8%,表明系统火积损失模型具有较高的精度;当系统供热量为4 k W时,最优运行工况为压缩机频率51 Hz,热水流量0.5 kg/s,溶液流量0.6 kg/s,风量1.4 kg/s,此时系统火积损失率最大,系统输入功率最小,系统效率最高;当系统输入功率为2 k W时,最优运行工况为压缩机频率72 Hz,热水流量0.4 kg/s,溶液流量0.5 kg/s,风量1.6 kg/s,系统火积损失率最小,系统供热量最大,系统效率最高。     

东北某露天矿褐煤干燥提质对水分复吸的影响

东北某露天矿褐煤因水分含量高,使用前需要进行干燥提质处理,以提高其燃烧热效率.为研究褐煤干燥提质后对水分复吸的影响,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FTIR)、差热/热重分析仪(differential analysis/thermogravimetric analyzer,DTA/TG)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)等先进分析手段,结合干燥提质工艺,研究褐煤干燥提质对水分复吸的作用.结果 表明:东北某露天矿褐煤所含主要官能团包括:羟基、亚甲基、甲基、羰基、羧基和醚键.干燥提质后褐煤含水率由44.78％降至25.07％.干燥提质后褐煤静置9d后的含水率为25.75％,水分含量随时间增长无明显变化,水分吸附逐渐达到动态平衡.由于褐煤结构中的孔洞和裂隙减少,含氧官能团分解,干燥提质后褐煤对水分子的吸附能减弱,因此水分复吸不明显.干燥提质可以有效的抑制褐煤对水分子的吸附.     

SKS炼铅氧气底吹炉的(火用)分析

为揭示SKS氧气底吹炉内、外部不可逆损失的机理,采用(火用)平衡分析法建立SKS氧气底吹炉的(火用)分析模型,对SKS氧气底吹炉的能量、(火用)损失分布状况以及(火用)效率进行计算和分析,并对热、(火用)平衡2种分析方法进行比较.研究结果表明:当没有烟气回收装置和余热利用设备时,SKS底吹炉的(火用)效率仅为25.28%,排烟(火用)损失、输出产品的物理(火用)和内部化学反应等不可逆(火用)损失达74.72%,炉子的节能潜力很大;总(火用)流量为 1.527 275 2×1011 J/h,远远大于总热流量6.399 425 0×1010 J/h,说明(火用)平衡分析比热平衡分析更能反映SKS氧气底吹炉的物质流和能量流的本质,应推广采用(火用)效率来评价类似有色冶金炉窑的运行状况.     

以LNG为冷源的跨临界有机工质联合循环发电系统工质选择与参数分析

为提高液化天然气的利用效率,构建以液化天然气为冷源的跨临界有机朗肯循环-布雷顿循环联合发电系统.综合考虑工质的热物性和安全性等因素,筛选出10种综合性能较好的有机工质进行分析,并研究关键热力参数对工质流量、蒸汽轮机输出功、热效率和火用效率的影响.结果表明:提高蒸汽轮机入口压力和温度,降低冷凝温度可提高系统的火用效率;在给定运行工况下,工质临界温度越高,则系统性能越好;具有最高临界温度的有机工质R245fa的综合性能最好,系统的热效率和火用效率分别可达到53.07%和33.59%;冷凝器的火用损失占系统总火用损失的主要部分,因此减少该部件的不可逆损失是提高系统能量利用效率的关键.     

基于褐煤提质的技术分析与产能实现

褐煤提质通常是对褐煤进行热解或是脱水干燥.褐煤提质后不仅可以解决褐煤直接燃烧时环境污染严重、热利用率低的问题,还可以得到煤焦油和焦炉煤气等多种煤基产品,是褐煤高效、低污染利用的重要途径,低热值褐煤提质新技术装备的研究开发是褐煤提质加工的新技术和工艺装备,使其能达到烟煤的水平.     

褐煤提质废水污染特征分析

由于褐煤矿质组成的特点和提质工艺的复杂性,决定了褐煤提质废水在水质组成及含量上具有自身独特的环境学特征。为了建立高效、稳定以及出水水质安全的褐煤提质废水处理技术体系,采用常规分析、色谱、质谱等技术,分析研究了洗选蒸脱法褐煤提质工艺废水的污染特性和特征污染物。研究结果表明,褐煤提质加工的废水的CODCr、BOD5、NH4+-N、挥发酚、氰化物等常规污染指标较高,可生化性差,有机污染组分复杂且不同组分含量差异较大,需经过严格的水处理工艺才能满足污水排放标准的要求。研究为褐煤提质废水处理技术的开发提供了科学依据。     

FLNG系统液化过程模拟及火用效率分析

浮式天然气液化是新兴的海上油气开发技术,但受到海洋环境和船体场地限制,天然气液化时耗功高、效率低,须开展浮式LNG制冷流程模拟及系统火用效率分析优化液化流程.以筛选的P-R方程为天然气液化相平衡计算基础,对天然气液化流程中压缩机、混合器、多股流换热器等设备的热力过程进行模拟;同时基于火用分析原理分析系统中各设备的火用损失,绘制系统的火用流图;揭示能量消耗的主要环节.用敏度分析法计算系统中主要设备的敏度,分析设备对系统火用效率的影响.结果表明:当设备位于系统的主干部位,权重大时,设备的敏度高;系统中各设备的敏度均为正值,即改进任意系统中任一环节火用效率,系统火用效率均提高;换热器和节流阀的敏度相对高,是改善系统效率的最有利环节;而压缩机是制冷系统中主要的火用损失设备,但却不是敏度最大设备.压缩机火用损失最大,占总火用损失的61.44%,节流阀占18.17%,换热器与散热器分别占9.32%和11.07%.     

褐煤提质废物制备高端节能环保材料关键技术与示范

该课题以褐煤提质技术、提质废物及燃煤粉煤灰为研究对象,针对褐煤含水和灰分高、提质固废利用率低及粉煤灰综合利用率低,废渣中含有诸如腐植酸、燃料元素等高质成份等问题,开展褐煤提质、提质废渣及粉煤灰的综合利用研究。上一年度进行了褐煤提质新工艺以及产品性能检测等研究工作,并完成了长春国传能源科技开发有限公司年产50万吨/年提质褐煤项目的选址、备案及环境影响评价等项目前期工作的基础上,本年度完成了50万吨/年洗选蒸脱法褐煤提质生产线的设计与设备的安装和调试工作,其中关键设备高压蒸脱槽及与之配套的三项(二次蒸汽、物料煤、灰水)分离器、疏水罐等的设计和制造工作已近完成,并完成了四套高压蒸脱器及配套装置的制造、安装与调试工作;到目前为止已生产出了提质褐煤产品5万吨;此外,对于褐煤提质废物粉煤灰的研究也取得了较好进展。上一年度完成了粉煤灰熔体基础物性分析工作,以及粉煤灰制备纤维复合外墙和多孔外墙保温材料的工艺和影响因素的研究工作。本年度对粉煤灰制备纤维复合外墙的最优生产工艺进行了更为深入的研究,并完成了10万立方米纤维复合外墙保温材料示范线的建设、设备选型和调试等工作,并进行了部分产品的试生产;对于5万立方米多孔外墙保温材料的示范线工程已经完成建设工作,现正进行设备的选型和部分制造工作。此外,对于纤维产品进行了热学性能以及基础物性的分析和测试研究,同时,对于新型轻质墙板保温材料的制备工艺和产品系能进行了系统的研究,取得了性能良好的轻质保温材料产品。截止到目前为止,该课题总计申请国家发明专利2项,获得国家授权发明专利5项,发表文章4篇,其中,本年度获得国家授权发明专利2项,发表文章3篇,通过该课题的研究可以为褐煤提质废渣及粉煤灰高值利用、为我国褐煤资源丰富但水资源贫乏的蒙东地区工牧业用水提供新的途径,课题研究属于典型的能源废物高值化利用项目。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.