多氢酸酸化技术及其应用

砂岩储层酸化的常规土酸体系存在与矿物反应速度快、酸化液的有效距离短和容易产生二次沉淀等问题。现存的缓速酸酸液体系不能克服粘土和石英界面反应速率的巨大反差,新的深度酸化工艺可以在一定程度上增加酸液的穿透距离,但工艺繁琐,且仍然不能解决沉淀、堵塞问题。多氢酸体系与现存的HF酸体系相比,其反应速度慢,溶解能力强,且具有良好的防垢性能和分散性能,可以抑制井眼附近的地层伤害,有效控制二次沉淀等优点。本研究对多氢酸的酸度特性、溶蚀性能、润湿性、静态腐蚀性以及多氢酸的分散和防垢性能进行了室内测试,并对土酸、氟硼酸及多氢酸进行了酸化效果实验评价。室内实验及现场应用表明,多氢酸性能优越,可明显提高酸化效果。     

致密砂岩油藏增产过程中储层伤害机理

以鄂尔多斯盆地泾河油田致密砂岩油藏为研究对象,在常规分析方法基础上,分别对基质和裂缝性岩心进行了储层伤害实验,同时结合同位扫描电镜方法从微观角度对增产过程中的伤害机理进行了分析,找出了入井液侵入储层引起储层伤害的主要、次要原因,为该区块后续配方体系的改善提供了基础。研究结果表明,入井液侵入储层,黏土膨胀和水锁伤害是引起储层伤害的主要原因,结垢是次要原因;酸化过程中,酸液与酸敏性矿物反应产生二次沉淀及酸化后释放地层微粒是该储层酸敏性伤害的主要原因;压裂过程中,压裂液伤害的主要原因在于水锁伤害,而破胶不彻底产生的残渣伤害也是造成压裂液伤害的另一原因。     

注水井螯合酸复合解堵体系研究与应用

针对海上疏松砂岩油藏使用常规含氟酸液体系酸化易造成岩石骨架疏松和二次伤害的问题，结合海上油田注水井不动管柱酸化和酸化后残酸不返排便直接转正常注水的特点，研制出一套低腐蚀、低沉淀的螯合酸复合解堵体系，并以渤海油田X区块注水井为例，对注水井欠注原因及解堵效果进行分析。结果表明，螯合酸复合解堵体系具有较好的缓速性、缓蚀性和抑垢性，可有效增加酸液作用距离、保障注水管柱安全、避免造成岩石骨架疏松和抑制二次和三次沉淀产生，能高效解除无机物和聚合物伤害；X区块注水井欠注原因主要是水敏、微粒运移、悬浮颗粒、结垢和聚合物等形成的多元复合物堵塞地层；现场应用单井视吸水指数增加幅度大于65.4%，解堵效果显著，可在类似油田推广应用。     

我国复杂砂岩储层酸化改造关键技术及成功案例分析

我国一大批复杂难动用砂岩储层酸化改造面临重大技术挑战。针对高温深井砂岩储层研制出具有良好的缓速、缓蚀、抑制二次沉淀性能的新型多氢酸体系;针对我国海上高孔、高渗、多层系、非均质性强砂岩储层提出了一套简便、有效、可操作性强的酸液分流技术,并研制出了分流效果好、对地层无伤害的高效化学分流剂;针对致密～超致密、异常高压储层实施水力压裂存在压开困难,对地层造成二次伤害等问题提出前置酸压裂技术,改善压裂效果;针对复杂岩性底水砂岩储层,大胆提出采用一种新的平衡闭合酸压技术,对传统酸化增产理论中砂岩油藏不适合酸压的观念提出了挑战;针对复杂流体(凝析气藏)砂岩储层提出"酸+醇+醚"组合酸液技术,有效防止水锁、促进酸液返排。各项关键技术在我国陆地和海上油田得到成功应用,以我国各代表性油田的复杂砂岩储层特征及酸化改造面临的主要技术难点为切入点,提出各项关键技术,并进行了成功案例分析。     

马家沟组碳酸盐岩储层酸岩反应速率影响因素实验研究

酸岩反应动力学实验是研究酸岩反应机理和进行酸化设计的必要手段,酸岩反应动力学参数其值的准确程度,直接影响着酸压施工设计计算和酸压效果分析的精度。本文利用旋转岩盘测试了马五储层碳酸盐岩与酸液的反应速率,以实验数据为基础,分析了影响酸岩反应速率的主要因素：岩石类型、酸液类型（粘度）、酸液浓度、转速、温度,得出主次关系为岩石类型＞粘度＞浓度＞转速＞温度。与此同时还考虑了同离子效应对酸岩反应速率的影响,为更加准确的设计和评价酸压施工效果提供了依据。     

HK型高效酸液制备装置

该产品采用密闭二级稀释循环配液,把酸液与稀释溶液混合产生的热量带出稀释酸液外,通过热交换器快速冷却,从而大大提高了蓄电池行业中酸液制备的生产效率,消除了传统配制方法酸雾溢出污染环境的问题,提高了配酸设备的使用寿命,降低了酸液制备的成本.     

同离子效应和温度场对裂缝中酸液有效作用距离的影响

酸液有效作用距离是酸压设计的重要参数,也是影响酸压效果的重要因素。酸液中的反应产场(同离子)和裂缝中温度分布对酸液沿裂缝流动时的有效作用距离影响很大。到目前为止,尚未见到研究同离子效应和温度场对酸液有效作用距离综合影响的文章。本文从酸压设计计算的实际需要出发,考虑影响酸液有效作用距离的主要因素,建立裂缝中酸岩流动反应数学模型,并将该模型与裂缝中温度分布模型、速度场模型和表面反应动力学模型联立求解,编制电算程序,进行系统计算。分析对比,给出了同离子效应、酸液浓度、地层温度、反应生成热等因素对酸液有效作用距离影响的对比数据和图表。本文所编制的计算机程序和得到的结论可供酸压施工和设计计算使用。     

酸压动态条件下酸岩反应动力学参数测试新方法

酸压中活酸作用距离是评价酸压效果的重要因素。活酸作用距离取决于酸岩反应速度,酸岩反应动力学参数是酸压优化设计基础,这些参数的准确性决定优化设计的可靠性。设计了一种测试动态条件下裂缝中酸液有效传质系数和有效消耗时间的新方法,该方法通过酸蚀裂缝导流驱替实验,测试酸化前后岩板质量变化;基于岩板质量变化计算酸液消耗速度、酸液有效传质系数,再基于裂缝中的酸液量和酸液消耗速度计算酸液有效消耗时间。采用延长马家沟组岩板测试了稠化酸和交联酸的反应动力学参数,交联酸比稠化酸黏度高,有效传质系数比稠化酸低,在使用的实验条件下,稠化酸和交联酸在裂缝中的有效消耗时间分别为20 min和28 min左右。研究为酸压优化设计和酸液体系评价提供了依据。     

乳化酸在低渗油层中选择性酸化的实验研究

~~渣返到地面 ;6对施工环境和操作人员的危害小 ;7原料来源广 ,价格便宜 .1 .1 .1　主体酸配方　主体酸为土酸 .增大 HF的用量 ,可提高溶蚀率 :考虑到酸液成本及 HF用量过高易产生二次沉淀 ,选定 w( HCl)为 1 0 % + w( HF)为5 %为主体酸酸液配方体系 .1 .1 .2　乳化酸配方　油外相乳化酸是一种不稳定体系 ,酸液中的盐酸、氢氟酸均是小分子易挥发物质 ,要使原油将酸液包住 ,对乳化剂的性能要求很高 .因此 ,必须研制出一种油溶性非离子表面活性剂 ,在室温条件下 ,可以将原油与酸液完全乳化成一定黏度的乳化液 ,可改变其加量及油酸比控制乳…     

砂岩储层酸化智能复合酸液体系研究及应用

常规砂岩酸化为了实现有效解堵,必须采用前置液、处理液和后置液多段液体,其作业程序复杂,研制出一套 智能复合酸液体系InteAcid。该酸液能替代常规砂岩酸化的多段酸液,实现单步酸化,显著简化作业程序,特别适 合于海上酸化作业。室内实验表明,InteAcid 在溶解砂岩矿物和解除伤害的同时,能有效抑制二次沉淀,对金属氟化 物、氟硅/铝酸盐和金属氢氧化物沉淀抑制率可分别达到71.81%、70.51% 和78.59%;单步岩芯流动实验后,无伤害、轻 微伤害、重度伤害岩芯渗透率提高为原始渗透率的1.35 倍、3.60 倍和15.00 倍;酸处理后孔隙结构微观分析表明,该酸 液具有提高岩芯渗透率和稳定黏土作用,对岩石骨架破坏很小。该酸液现场单步酸化11 口注水井,成功率100%,效 果显著率达90%。     

Combined effects of solar UV radiation and CO2-induced seawater acidification on photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton assemblages in the South China Sea

We carried out short term pCO₂/pH perturbation experiments in the coastal waters of the South China Sea to evaluate the combined effects of seawater acidification (low pH/high pCO₂) and solar UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) on photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton assemblages. Under photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) alone treatments, reduced pCO² (190 ppmv) with increased pH resulted in a significant decrease in the photosynthetic carbon fixation rate (about 23%), while enriched pCO₂ (700 ppmv) with lowered pH had no significant effect on the photosynthetic performance compared to the ambient level. The apparent photosynthetic efficiency decreased under the reduced pCO₂ level, probably due to C-limitation as well as energy being diverged for up-regulation of carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). In the presence of UVR, both UV-A and UV-B caused photosynthetic inhibition, though UV-A appeared to enhance the photosynthetic efficiency under lower PAR levels. UV-B caused less inhibition of photosynthesis under the reduced pCO₂ level, probably because of its contribution to the inorganic carbon (Ci)-acquisition processes. Under the seawater acidification conditions (enriched pCO₂), both UV-A and UV-B reduced the photosynthetic carbon fixation to higher extents compared to the ambient pCO₂ conditions. We conclude that solar UV and seawater acidification could synergistically inhibit photosynthesis.     

Characterization of Bacterial Strains Isolated from a Novel Seawater-based Retting Treatment of Hemp

Cultivable bacteria were isolated from seawater-based retting treatment of hemp, in which three of purified strains （SW- 1, SW- 2, and S-SW1） produced relatively high levels of pectinase activities, and also produced mannanases and xylanases. PCR-based entebacterial repetitive intergenic consensus primers （ERIC-PCR） were employed for fingerprinting DNA of the bacterial strains. The ERIC-PCR fingerprints of stains SW- 1, SW- 2, and S-SW1 were found to be different, and should be further identified for each isolate. Strains SW- 1 and SW- 2 were identified as Stenotrophomnas maltophilia, while strain S-SW1 was assigned to Ochrobactrum anthropi by BIOLOG system. These two species represented rhizosphere bacterial genera, and possibly were introduced by the hemp plants. These organisms seemed potentially capable of producing pectinase and hemicellulase, and thus effectively degrading the gum substances in the seawater retting. This research could be helpful for improving a novel seawater-based retting treatment of hemp.     

Mechanism of oxidative damage to DNA by Fe-loaded MCM-41 irradiated with visible light

The mechanism of oxidative damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by iron-containing mesoporous molecular sieves (MCM-41) irradiated with visible light was elucidated. Fe-loaded MCM-41 (Fe/MCM-41) was used as a photocatalyst and the damage to calf thymus DNA caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was studied. The damage and extent of oxidation of DNA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and intermediate products were detected by HPLC/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Electron spin resonance was used to detect changes in reactive oxygen species and peroxidase catalytic spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentration of H2O2. The results indicated that Fe/MCM-41 efficiently activated H2O2 in solution at pH 4.0-8.0 under irradiation with visible light. The photocatalytic system degraded DNA most effectively at pH 5.0-6.0 but also operated at pH 8.0. At pH 4.2, the degree of DNA damage reached 25.65% after 5 h and the kinetic constant was 5.89×10 2 min 1. Damage to DNA was predominantly caused by hydroxyl radicals generated in the system. The mechanism of DNA damage is of potential concern to human health because it can occur in neutral solutions irradiated by visible light.     

Influence of nano-MgO particle size on bactericidal action against Bacillus subtilis var. niger

Nano-MgO has been widely used as a functionalmaterial in various areas[1,2]. Recently, it was reported[3]that MgO had good bactericidal performance due to theformation of O?2 anions at its surface in aqueous solution.It was shown by the research work of Stoimenov et al.[4]that nano-MgO exhibits high bactericidal activity againstbacteria, spores and viruses after adsorbing halogen gasbecause of its large surface area, abundance of crystal de-fects and positively-charged particles which can r…     

Studies on the effects of pre-firing and sintering temperature on NSDC nanocomposite electrolytes

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) technology, with fuel flexibility, is one of the most promising power generation technology. However, the high operating temperature of SOFCs has hindered their commercial applications. As a crucial requirement to enhance its performance, SOFCs electrolytes should operate at a low temperature. Carbonate/ceria composites are developed as electrolytes for low operating temperature SOFCs, and a better understanding of the mechanism of its ionic conductivity serves this purpose. In this work, ceria-carbonate composite electrolyte, Na₂CO₃/samarium doped ceria (NSDC) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The synthesized electrolytes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The XRD and SEM results showed that the sintered NSDC nanocomposite comprised a single-phase dense electrolyte structure. The crystallite size of the NSDC nanocomposite was greatly affected by the different pre-firing temperatures and different sintering temperatures. Also, the ionic conductivity of the prepared NSDC nanocomposite electrolytes was strongly dependent on the pre-firing and sintering temperatures. The NSDC nanocomposite electrolytes were pre-fired at 950 ?°C and 650 ?°C and sintered at 1200 ?°C and 900 ?°C respectively, had ionic conductivity in H₂ and air high as 0.36 ?S/cm and 0.3 ?S/cm.     

葡萄籽原花青素提取物抗氧化作用研究

为研究葡萄籽原花青素提取物（grape procyanidins extract,GPE）抗氧化和对DNA氧化损伤的保护作用,我们采用七种生物化学发光体系,检测了GPE 对O₂^-、OH、H₂O_2、ONOO^-和全血嗜中性白细胞“呼吸爆发”产生的多种活性氧的清除作用,以及对OH引起的DNA氧化损伤的保护作用;采用Fe^2＋诱发脂蛋白多不饱和脂肪酸过氧化比色体系,检测了GPE对脂质过氧化分抑制作用。结果显示,GPE 能有效地清除O₂^-、OH、H₂O_2、ONOO^-和全血嗜中性白细胞“呼吸爆发”产生的多种活性氧而抑制体系 发光,并有效抑制脂质过氧化,半抑制浓度分别约为0.2ug/ml、90ug/ml、0.5ug/ml、10ug/ml、130ug/ml、70ug/ml;25ug/ml的GPE对DNA氧化损伤的抑制率誉为70％。提示GPE 能有效清除多种自由基,保护DNA免受·OH引起的氧化损伤,嗜良好的抗氧化剂。     

Optimization of polymer electrolytes for quasi-solidstate dye-sensitized solar cells

The dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 thin filmsolar cells (DSSCs) have attracted much attention since1990s[1— , due to their high light to electrical energy 4]conversion efficiency. So far, many studies have beenmade on the use of liquid electrolytes such as acetonitrile,3-methoxypropionitrile and a mixture of ethylene/pro-pylene carbonate (EC/PC) containing I? /I3 redox cou-?ple. A light to electrical energy conversion efficiency of7%— 12% has been obtained for DSSC using liquid e…     

Application prospects of high-voltage cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries

All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries are lithiumion batteries with solid-state electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes.They are hopeful in solving the safety problems of lithium-ion batteries,once their large capacity and long life are achieved,they will have broad application prospects in the field of electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage.The working potential window of solid electrolytes is wider than that of liquid electrolytes,so high-voltage cathode materials could be used in all-solidstate lithium-ion batteries to get higher energy density and larger capacity by elevating the working voltage of the batteries.The spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4material,layered Li–Ni–Co–Mn–O cathode materials and lithium-rich cathode materials can be expected to be applied to all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries as cathode materials due to their highvoltage platforms.In this review,the electrochemical properties and structures of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4material,layered Li–Ni–Co–Mn–O cathode materials and lithiumrich cathode materials are introduced.More attentions are paid on recent research progress of conductivity and interface stability of these materials,in order to improve their compatibility with solid electrolytes as cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries and fully improve the properties of all-solid-state batteries.Finally,the existing problems of their application in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries are summarized,the main research directions are put forward and their application prospects in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries are discussed.     

化学淋洗对土壤团聚体稳定性及其重金属赋存形态的影响

为探究重金属在土壤非均质体系中的淋洗特性,分别考察了3种化学淋洗剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、柠檬酸和三氯化铁(FeCl_3)等对粒径为0.25～2.00 mm、0.05～0.25 mm和0.05 mm的土壤团聚体淋洗过程中团聚体结构、重金属Pb和Cd质量分数及其赋存形态影响。结果表明,不同粒径团聚体中重金属的淋洗效率存在显著差异(P0.05),小粒径(0.05 mm)的团聚体上Pb和Cd具有更高的淋洗效率。淋洗后较小粒径团聚体上残渣态Cd所占比例升高,但有效态的Pb所占比例增加。淋洗后团聚体的平均直径分别减小了77.25%、80.98%和49.15%,团聚体解体可能增加土壤对Pb和Cd的专性吸附能力。淋洗剂FeCl_3相较于EDTA和柠檬酸,对水稳性团聚体具有较低的结构破坏作用,同时具有较好的重金属淋洗效果,有利于土壤后续的安全再利用。     

无机离子对嗜盐放线菌株YIM 90615代谢产物多样性的影响

为了研究NaCl浓度、金属离子(Cr7+、Mg2+及K+)、氯化钪及卤素(I-、Br-及F-)对嗜盐放线菌株YIM 90615液体发酵过程中次级代谢产物多样性的影响,作者采用HPTLC(high performance thin layer chromatography)技术,结合紫外(254 nm)检测、碘及硫酸-茴香醛显色方法,对该菌代谢产物的HPTLC图谱进行了定性分析.结果显示,NaCl添加质量浓度为100 g/L时该菌株发酵效果最佳,有利于其代谢产物的多样性及量的积累;Cr7+和K+有利于其次生代谢产物的产生;1 g/L的氯化钪能增加其次生代谢产物的丰富性;F-对其次生代谢产物多样性有较好的促进作用.试验结果表明外源添加一定浓度和种类的盐离子有助于提升YIM 90615液体发酵过程中次生代谢产物多样性,为新型抗生素及其它有用化合物的产生创造合适条件,同时有助于嗜盐放线菌发酵培养基的筛选工作.