岩石冻融循环及抗拉特性试验研究

通过开放饱水状态下的冻融循环试验研究了红砂岩和页岩2种岩石的冻融损伤劣化及破坏行为,将经历不同冻融次数后的岩样进行抗拉试验,分析了冻融循环作用对岩石损伤及抗拉特性的影响。研究表明:由于岩性及初始损伤状态不同,红砂岩的冻融损伤劣化模式为剥落模式和断裂模式,而页岩为裂纹模式;岩石抗拉压特性的冻融效应具有相同的规律性,2种岩石的劈裂抗拉强度均随冻融循环次数的增大而减小,但其抗拉特性对冻融循环反映更敏感,损伤劣化更显著;红砂岩受冻融循环次数影响引起的损伤较页岩大;寒区岩体工程稳定性评价中必须考虑应力状态对岩石冻融损伤的影响。     

冻融循环条件下红砂岩物理力学特性试验研究

对采自陕西的红砂岩进行冻融循环压缩试验,以模拟红砂岩的冻融风化过程。试验共进行40次冻融循环,在冻融0,5,10,20,40次时分别测量岩样的质量、体积及其纵波波速,并对岩样进行单轴抗压试验;分析了岩石强度与应力-应变曲线及损伤扩展力学特性随冻融循环次数的变化规律。研究结果表明,随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样的质量、密度、波速及冻融系数减小;岩样的弹性模量及强度逐渐减小,应力-应变曲线压缩性增大,弹性增长段减小,塑性增强;冻融与荷载的共同作用使岩石总损伤加剧,并最终导致岩石破坏。最后,利用陕西红砂岩物理力学特性随冻融循环的变化规律,为寒区岩土工程的建设提供相应的参考数据。     

岩石圆环试件拉张破裂结构演化有限元模拟

岩石具有低抗拉特性,抗拉强度控制着岩体工程的整体稳定性．利用有限元方法,对岩石圆环试件拉张破裂过程的结构演化过程进行了研究．模拟结果显示：圆环结构受拉应力作用发生破裂,形成不连续面;圆环在拉应力作用下不断形成破裂面,结构形式相应发生演化,并导致应力状态改变,最终圆环结构内壁上下、外壁左右全部开裂,系统不稳定、丧失承载能力,完全破坏．将有限元模拟结果与实验结果对比二者相吻合,可为研究岩石的破裂规律及裂纹扩展提供新的研究方法．     

岩石圆环试件拉张破裂结构演化有限元模拟

岩石具有低抗拉特性,抗拉强度控制着岩体工程的整体稳定性.利用有限元方法,对岩石圆环试件拉张破裂过程的结构演化过程进行了研究.模拟结果显示:圆环结构受拉应力作用发生破裂.形成不连续面;圆环在拉应力作用下不断形成破裂面,结构形式相应发生演化,并导致应力状态改变,最终圆环结构内壁上下、外壁左右全部开裂,系统不稳定、丧失承载能力,完全破坏.将有限元模拟结果与实验结果对比二者相吻合,可为研究岩石的破裂规律及裂纹扩展提供新的研究方法.     

酸性环境对岩石力学特性影响的试验研究*

为研究酸性环境对不同岩石力学特性的影响,分别对大理岩及红砂岩进行酸性溶液作用下的腐蚀试验,获得岩样酸性腐蚀过程中相对质量变化规律;同时测量记录酸性溶液p H的变化,并对岩样进行抗压抗拉试验,探讨不同岩石在酸性溶液作用下的力学特性及腐蚀效应。试验结果表明:经酸性溶液浸泡,大理岩表面出现不同程度的斜截面裂纹,红砂岩外表面的薄膜保护层被逐渐融化,无明显的裂纹产生,岩样外体积变化不明显;岩样刚开始浸泡在酸性溶液中时,岩样与酸性溶液发生激烈的化学反应,溶液的pH大幅提升并接近中性;随着浸泡时间的增加,pH改变逐渐减少并趋于稳定;经酸性溶液浸泡后,岩石的质量均呈现不同程度的下降,且大理岩较红砂岩的质量下降更为明显,岩石的单轴抗压强度及抗拉强度均显著下降,单轴抗压强度较抗拉强度下降更为明显,且大理岩的力学性能比红砂岩变化的更为明显。     

CT尺度下冻融岩石细观损伤特性分析

为研究冻融环境下岩石细观损伤演化规律,以红砂岩为研究对象,首先进行冻融循环试验,再对经历0次,5次,10次,20次和40次冻融循环的试样进行CT扫描.采用K均值聚类算法实现了扫描图像的二维孔隙识别;通过三维重构再现了红砂岩的冻融破坏模式,确定了试样的有效承载区,在细观层面实现了对岩石冻融损伤的定量分析.结果表明:通过K均值聚类算法确定阈值,可以有效实现CT图像的二值化;三维重构后的模型可以再现红砂岩试样在冻融过程中的损伤模式以及内部孔隙的发育特征;随冻融循环次数的增加,基于有效承载区定义的损伤变量逐渐增大,并与孔隙的发育趋势一致,能有效地反映冻融循环作用下岩石的损伤演化规律,为冻融岩石细观损伤研究提供了一种切实可行的方法.     

水-动力耦合作用下红砂岩动态强度及破坏机理

为探究水化学损伤下红砂岩的动态强度和破坏机理,通过自然、干燥和饱水红砂岩试样的静态单轴压缩和动态单轴冲击试验,结合岩石碎块的电镜扫描(SEM)图像,分析了不同含水状态和应变率荷载等级下岩石的强度特性,并基于损伤断裂理论分析了含水岩石微裂纹起裂和扩展机理.试验结果表明:红砂岩试样动态抗压强度随含水率的增加而降低,随应变率的增加而增大,饱水试样具有显著的应变率效应;冲击荷载下,饱水试样应力-应变曲线具有显著的体积压缩现象,峰值应变最大,塑性变形明显,而干燥试样弹性变形最大,峰前塑性变形最小;受孔隙水影响,饱水试样颗粒结构疏松多孔,胶结物质被溶蚀而使胶结作用弱化.根据最大周向正应力理论,对含水岩石的微裂纹起裂条件和扩展方向进行了讨论,并对裂尖的动态应力强度因子进行了修正.     

岩石变形全过程冻融损伤模型及其参数

寒区岩石受到荷载及冻融循环的作用,考虑岩石微元破坏的特点,将其简化为冻融损伤、受荷损伤及未损伤3部分组成。基于损伤力学理论,通过探讨冻融损伤变量、受荷损伤变量以及总损伤变量之间的关系,假定岩石微元破坏符合D-P准则,建立冻融与荷载作用下考虑残余强度的岩石损伤本构模型,并由冻融砂岩力学特性试验验证其合理性;在此基础上探讨了模型参数对岩石损伤本构关系的影响。结果表明:不同冻融次数及围压作用下的模型理论曲线与试验曲线较为吻合,较好地描述了岩石变形的全过程;模型参数对岩石损伤前及破坏后残余段的应力应变曲线几乎没有影响,但对损伤阶段的影响较大。研究成果将会对寒区岩石损伤演化认知具有较好的参考价值。     

红砂岩边坡稳定性能分析

红砂岩具有极强的风化崩解与遇水软化的性质。在一定应力状态下浸水后,在水膜的润滑作用下,颗粒发生相互滑移、破碎和重组,使得岩体软化;当水沿着孔隙、裂隙进入红砂岩内部时,吸附水膜增厚,一些胶结物便会软化甚至溶解,从而引起岩石颗粒的崩解解体,产生岩土体变形失稳,使得控制地表沉降及边坡稳定性防治困难。因此,研究红砂岩软化和崩解性对工程建设尤为重要。     

冻融循环作用下混凝土的受拉本构特征

为了得出冻融循环作用下混凝土受拉应力-应变关系曲线上升段方程,对经过0,25,50,75,100,125次冻融循环的4个不同强度等级的普通混凝土抗拉试块进行了试验研究,结合现有普通混凝土受拉本构关系,建立了冻融循环次数、混凝土等级与混凝土受拉本构特征的关系.试验结果表明:随着冻融循环次数增加,混凝土的受拉应力-应变关系...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with