复杂环境下钢筋混凝土桥梁损伤概率模型及可靠度分析

综合考虑氯离子的结合作用、水灰比、温度和湿度因素对钢筋锈蚀的初始时间的影响,对Fick第二定律进行改进,建立了初锈时间模型.并通过Monte Carlo数值模拟技术,对钢筋混凝土桥梁的保护层厚度、表面氯离子浓度、扩散系数和临界氯离子浓度进行随机抽样,进行了正常使用极限状态下的可靠度计算.研究结果表明,钢筋对锈蚀的敏感程度依次为:保护层厚度、临界氯离子浓度、扩散系数、表面氯离子浓度;随着锈蚀率的增加,桥梁在使用年限达到65年之后,失效概率达到1,同时使用年限下降27%.     

基于扩孔理论的混凝土钢筋锈胀开裂分析

采用圆孔扩张理论对钢筋混凝土保护层锈胀开裂过程进行分析,推导不同锈蚀率下的混凝土塑性区边界应力及塑性区半径计算公式,建立保护层锈胀开裂扩孔模型。依据扩孔模型导出与保护层开裂时刻对应的临界钢筋锈蚀率表达式ρ(t),并对临界钢筋锈蚀率模型影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:临界钢筋锈蚀率ρ(t)与混凝土强度等级、相对保护层厚度、钢筋锈蚀速率和铁锈膨胀率相关;随着混凝土相对保护层厚度增大,锈胀开裂临界锈蚀率ρ(t)快速增大;随着铁锈膨胀率增大,临界锈蚀率ρ(t)快速下降;随着混凝土强度等级增大,临界锈蚀率ρ(t)增加不明显。该模型为进一步研究碳化或者氯离子侵蚀的钢筋锈胀开裂寿命预测提供了理论基础。     

计及地方气候的混凝土结构钢筋锈蚀寿命研究

通过拟Monte-Carlo抽样法,计及地方温度和相对湿度影响,研究混凝土结构钢筋锈蚀寿命,并以上海、广州、莆田等沿海城市的混凝土结构为例,分析钢筋锈蚀寿命的概率分布、概率密度,以及混凝土结构保护层厚度C_(cov)、表面氯离子浓度C_s、氯离子扩散系数D_(ref)和钢筋锈蚀时氯离子临界浓度C_(th)等对钢筋锈蚀寿命的影响。研究结果显示:地方气候温度、相对湿度对钢筋锈蚀寿命有一定影响;增加C_(cov)和C_(th),可以提高混凝土结构抗氯离子腐蚀、延长其使用寿命;C_s和D_(ref)的增大会降低钢筋锈蚀寿命。建议在混凝土结构及耐久性设计时,考虑地方气候环境的影响,并采取适当增大混凝土保护层厚度等措施,以提高钢筋锈蚀寿命。     

腐蚀环境下钢筋混凝土的轴向受压承载力研究

通过预测混凝土碳化深度,钢筋的氯离子侵蚀速率及钢筋起始锈蚀时间,建立了腐蚀环境下钢筋混凝土承载力与时间之间的关系.通过算例分析混凝土保护层对钢筋混凝土承载力的影响,得到保护层厚度对钢筋混凝土承载力的影响规律,即钢筋混凝土保护层厚度的增加可以提高腐蚀后钢筋混凝土的承载力,主要原因为保护层厚度的增加推迟了钢筋起始锈蚀时间.并分析了钢筋质量损失率与时间的关系以及钢筋直径对钢筋锈蚀率的影响,得到了钢筋直径对钢筋锈蚀率的影响规律,即直径大的钢筋对锈蚀的抵抗能力更强,钢筋直径越大锈蚀率越低.     

海洋环境下混凝土方桩使用寿命预测模型

基于Fick第二定律,建立了考虑扩散系数时变性、荷载对扩散系数影响和氯离子结合能力的氯离子扩散方程;通过求解扩散方程得到考虑多因素影响的混凝土方桩使用寿命预测模型;并分析了桩的保护层厚度、裂缝控制宽度、表面氯离子浓度和临界氯离子浓度等因素对桩的使用寿命的影响.分析结果表明:得到的氯离子扩散方程与实测数据吻合较好;对于设计使用寿命为50年的混凝土方桩,保护层厚度应大于45mm,桩身裂缝宽度不宜大于0.1mm.     

混凝土结构保护层开裂时钢筋的临界锈蚀率模型

基于弹性理论与Bazant理论模型,引入拉伸损伤的概念,对混凝土保护层内环向应力进行修正,建立了混凝土保护层开裂时的临界锈胀力与钢筋临界锈蚀率模型.考虑钢筋混凝土界面间隙及锈蚀产物在裂缝中的填充效应,探讨了完全弹性、Bazant理论模型与拉伸损伤3种不同的环向应力下,钢筋直径、保护层厚度、锈胀系数对临界锈蚀率的影响.结果表明:临界锈蚀率随钢筋直径的增大而减小,随保护层厚度、锈胀系数的增大而增大.弹性下的临界锈蚀率大于Bazant理论模型与拉伸损伤下的临界锈蚀率.最后,与Morinaga的基于试验的临界锈蚀率模型比对,验证了模型的合理性.     

基于塑性损伤理论的钢筋混凝土锈胀裂纹模拟

基于混凝土的塑性损伤理论建立了钢筋混凝土保护层锈胀开裂的有限元模型.通过位移加载来模拟钢筋的锈胀作用,以最大应变作为混凝土损伤的判据,通过衰减混凝土弹性模量来实现混凝土损伤,研究了钢筋锈蚀引起的混凝土保护层内裂纹发生和扩展的轨迹.为了直观表示开裂轨迹,通过ABAQUS子程序USDFLD定义拉伸状态下的场变量f1,给出了内部裂纹、表面裂纹产生时对应的临界锈蚀率,探讨了钢筋直径、锈胀系数、保护层厚度对临界锈蚀率的影响.结果表明:侧向裂纹从混凝土内部钢筋表面开始扩展,竖向裂纹从混凝土保护层的外表面开始向内部扩展,且出现较晚;临界锈蚀率随着钢筋直径、锈胀系数的增大而减小,特别是锈胀系数的影响更显著,而...     

基于氯离子时变扩散钢筋混凝土锈胀裂缝时变可靠度研究

基于氯离子Fick扩散定理和法拉第定律,通过研发的四电极传感器体系获得含氯离子混凝土模拟液中腐蚀电流密度规律以及混凝土中氯离子时变扩散系数,建立氯离子时变扩散钢筋腐蚀速率模型;在此基础上基于弹性断裂力学和坑蚀模型,建立坑蚀锈胀裂缝时变可靠度模型,采用Monte Carlo方法求得钢筋混凝土锈胀裂缝时变可靠度.研究表明,基于研发的MnO2参比电极四电极传感器体系平均腐蚀电流密度随氯离子浓度增加而线性增加,随时间增加趋于恒定.采用考虑氯离子时变扩散钢筋腐蚀电流在服役期间钢筋腐蚀电流密度减小.坑蚀锈胀裂缝开始时间在第10~15年;随保护层厚度和钢筋直径增加以及表面氯离子浓度减小,钢筋混凝土坑蚀裂缝宽度减小.研究结果对氯离子诱发的钢筋混凝土坑蚀腐蚀裂可靠度预测具有重要的参考价值.     

角区钢筋非均匀锈蚀引发混凝土保护层开裂全过程研究

综合考虑氯离子的扩散过程、钢筋锈蚀的质量守恒以及钢筋锈蚀引起的混凝土保护层开裂力学过程,以角区钢筋为研究对象,在钢筋周围施加随时间变化的非均匀径向位移,对氯离子侵蚀引起的混凝土保护层开裂全过程进行数值分析,得出了裂缝发展的分布规律、裂缝出现以及裂缝贯穿保护层所需的时间。并与实验结果进行对比,验证了模型的准确性。探讨了钢筋直径、混凝土保护层厚度以及混凝土强度的变化对混凝土保护层开裂行为及开裂时间的影响。结果表明,混凝土保护层厚度对开裂全过程影响最大,其次是钢筋直径,混凝土强度对其影响较小。     

海洋环境下钢筋混凝土结构锈裂损伤模型

分析了海洋环境下钢筋混凝土结构的破坏形态,其主要原因是受到了氯离子的侵蚀。在氯离子的作用下,钢筋发生严重锈蚀,最后导致开裂,文中对这一过程进行了详细的阐述,并且对锈蚀量进行了评估。在此理论基础上,建立钢筋锈蚀的截面积模型,基于Fick 定律对氯离子的渗透、临界浓度、扩散系数等进行了量化处理,建立钢筋的劣化跟抗力劣化的模型,从而对混凝土钢筋结构的可靠度进行分析。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.