导电聚合物/磁性纳米复合材料的制备及其结构与性能

导电聚合物/磁性纳米复合材料的研究是开发同时具有电、磁性能的功能材料的最佳选择之一,是制备电磁屏蔽材料,电磁波吸收剂等功能材料的重要途径。导电聚合物与磁性纳米粒子复合,既可实现电、磁性能的复合,又可通过调节各组元的组成和结构实现对材料电、磁性能的调节。对目前导电聚合物/磁性纳米复合材料的制备原理、方法,复合材料的结构及控制,材料的性能与应用进行了评述。     

阻燃聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的燃烧性能

采用X射线衍射和透射电镜对所制备的聚丙烯/蒙脱土（PP/MMT）插层纳米复合材料的结构进行表征;通过热分析、锥形量热、氧指数、垂直燃烧测试对其热解和燃烧性能进行了研究.热分析表明蒙脱土片层在热解过程中显示出能量阻隔作用,提高了材料的热稳定性和成炭量;蒙脱土片层与膨胀型阻燃剂之间的协效作用使得纳米复合材料热释放速率、CO与CO2释放量及比消光面积明显降低;将不同阻燃级别的材料制成电视机壳进行全尺寸锥形量热仪实验表明,V-0级别的阻燃聚丙烯材料的火灾危险性最小.     

基于反射光谱的InxGa1-xN半导体薄膜厚度测量

氮化镓薄膜是制造蓝紫光光电子器件的理想半导体材料之一。三元合金InGaN薄膜是优良的全光谱材料而且不同In组分的InGaN薄膜叠层可用于研制高效率薄膜太阳电池。精确测量InGaN薄膜的厚度有利于研制高效率的光伏器件。本文利用分光光度计实验研究了蓝宝石衬底金属有机物化学气相沉积（MOCVD）技术生长的铟镓氮（InGaN）半导体薄膜的反射光谱。基于薄膜干涉原理,计算分析了InxGa1-xN薄膜的厚度;结果发现利用反射光谱中不同波峰、波谷确定的薄膜厚度相对偏差度的平均值为4．42％。结果表明用反射光谱的方法测量InxGa1-xN薄膜的厚度是可行的。     

K/T boundary: Discussion of the platinum group elements as indicators of extraterrestrial materials

Whether the platinum group elements (PGE) can be taken as the indicators of extraterrestrial materials is a very important and interesting scientific problem. It is discussed on the basis of systematic investigation and study of a great amount of related literature. The following conclusions can be obtained: (ⅰ) extraterrestrial impact event can cause the PGE anomaly; conversely, the PGE anomaly may not represent the existence of extraterrestrial impact event, because the PGE anomaly can be caused by many terrestrial events (e.g. volcanic activity); (ⅱ) the PGE anomaly, especially the global PGE anomaly can inspire us to think it from extraterrestrial event, but it may not be as useful as previously thought as unambiguous identifiers of large extraterrestrial impact event in the earth's history.     

TDI-PTMG型PU/PMMA/OMMT纳米复合材料的结构及性能研究

将插层纳米复合技术与同步互穿聚合物网络(IPN)技术相结合,制备了聚氨酯(PU)/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/有机蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合材料.用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和力学性能测试研究了该复合材料和相应的PU/PMMA-IPN和PU材料的结构和力学性能.结果表明.PU/PMMA/OMMT纳米复合材料形成了插层/剥离型结构,其力学性能最优.对材料的制备工艺进行了研究,获得优化制备条件是:PU/PMMA质量比为60/40;OMMT,BPO,EGDMA添加量分别为单体MMA质量的5%,0.8%,2.0%,MOCA系数为0.9.     

定距发射/接收干耦合检测探头设计与实验研究

针对固体火箭发动机(SRM)壳体复合材料在加工、存储过程中可能出现脱黏等缺陷的问题,提出了一种干耦合检测方法;并进行了实验验证。基于探头的声匹配理论,针对复合材料表面无法使用耦合剂及由此产生的超声波能量损失过大的问题,提出了采用超声变幅杆实现声匹配及能量集中功能的方法;基于探头的电匹配理论,针对探头与超声波发射/接收装置之间能量转化效率低的问题,设计了探头的匹配电路。对预制有三个不同直径缺陷的复合材料壳体通过不同的角度进行了检测实验,并将匹配后探头和未匹配探头的检测结果进行了对比。结果表明该方法能够较好的对复合材料的缺陷进行识别,经过电匹配后的探头可将检测灵敏度提高2~3倍。     

Low temperature synthesis of NiO/Co3O4 composite nanosheets as high performance Li-ion battery anode materials

NiO/Co3O4 composite nanosheets have been synthesized via a facile method at low temperature for the first time.The as prepared materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and the performance of Li-ion batteries(LIBs) as anode materials were also studied.By controlling the atom ratio of Ni:Co,not only the size of the nanosheets can be controlled,the electrode’s conductivity and stability could also be greatly improved.The composite material showed a stable capacity retention during cycling(87% of the second capacity was retained after 15 cycles) even at a relatively large current rate(400 mA/g).The NiO/Co3O4 nanosheet might be promising candidate anode materials in high performance Li-ion batteries.     

TiO2-based building materials: Above and beyond traditional applications

In the 1910s, TiO₂ began to be used in building materials as pigments and opacifier due to its excellent optical property. Since the photocatalytic property of TiO₂ was observed in 1972, its application field was expanded to air cleaning and sterilization. Thereafter, people added TiO₂ into building materials to develop novel and facile building materials. These materials were widely used for air cleaning, sterilization, self-cleaning, anti-fogging, decoration, and building cooling. The combination of building and other functions can serve simultaneously. Although TiO₂-based building materials have bright prospects, some aspects such as improving the stability and enhancing photoactive performance of the materials are of importance for future research. Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (“863” Program) of China (Grant No. 2007AA061402), Chinese Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Eleventh Five-year Plan (Grant No. 2006BAJ02A08), Hangzhou Science & Technology Development Program (Grant No. 20061133B27) and Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20070335197)     

煤/聚苯胺复合材料制备方法研究进展

煤基聚苯胺复合材料是以煤为模板,引入苯胺原位聚合制得的导电高分子材料,具有良好的光电性能、氧化还原性和可加工性,应用于防腐蚀、抗静电、二次电池、电极材料和电磁屏蔽等领域.文中综合阐述了近年来煤基聚苯胺制备方法的研究进展,对煤/聚苯胺复合材料制备方法如苯胺抽提/溶胀法、氧化处理法、磺化处理法等做了介绍,探讨了各种处理方法对煤和煤基聚苯胺结构和性能的影响,分析总结了现有方法制备的聚苯胺复合材料的优缺点,并对今后的研究方向作了展望.     

纳米银/蒙脱土催化剂的制备及对亚甲基蓝的催化降解

以层状蒙脱土为载体及抗坏血酸为还原剂合成出了纳米银/蒙脱土催化剂，在剥离后蒙脱土片层上均匀分散着粒径为30-40 nm 的银颗粒。该催化剂具有优异的室温降解亚甲基蓝的活性。通过不同温度下对催化剂的热处理和催化活性的评价，并用X光衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）和原子吸收光谱（AAS）等进行了结构表征，结果表明纳米银在蒙脱土上的分散性和负载量是影响其催化活性的主要因素，在低于200℃的焙烧温度下催化剂仍具有较高的催化活性。     

Enhancement of tribological properties in siliconized graphite via hierarchically hybrid SiC/C composite

This study aims to investigate tribological properties in a siliconized graphite(СГ-П-0.5) and hierarchically hybrid Si C/C composites at the load ranging from 10-40 N under dry air/water lubrication conditions. A feasible liquid silicon infiltration(LSI) was used to fabricate the Si C/C composites. Morphology and phase identification of two materials were characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). An image feature extraction was used to post-process the data of wear test, further to gain the wear properties of the samples. The results demonstrated that a lower coefficient of friction(COF) and wear rate can be achieved in the LSI Si C composites than that in the sample of СГ-П-0.5. Both COF decreased under waterlubricated conditions, compared with that under the dry air lubrication. The excellent tribological properties in two materials can be due mainly to the microstructure of the СГ-П-0.5 sample, showing much more graphite and Si dispersed on the matrix. The СГ-П-0.5 sample indicated the typical oxidative wear mechanism, whereas, the sample of LSI Si C demonstrated the combined oxidative and fatigue wear. This finding can provide a promising new siliconized graphite materials for ceramic rolling bearings.     

氨基改性Fe3O4@SiO2核壳结构的DNA吸附特性

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以平均粒径20 nm的Fe3O4纳米颗粒为种子,在碱性环境下催化正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)水解制备Fe3O4@SiO2核壳结构纳米复合粒子;并采用前接枝方式在40℃水浴温度下,APTES为硅烷偶联剂,制备氨基功能化Fe3O4@SiO2纳米复合材料;通过透射电镜和红外光谱仪对材料的形貌和结构进行表征,并通过凝胶电泳,生物分光光度计等实验手段研究材料氨基改性前后对质粒DNA的吸附性能.研究结果表明:氨基改性后的纳米复合材料比没有改性的材料对质粒DNA具有更加良好的吸附性能,改性后的材料在吸附量和吸附速率上均有大幅度提高,且随着材料的用量加大,其最终的吸附效果也更好,并且由于材料良好的磁性能,使得被吸附的DNA能够更有效更方便地被回收.     

纳米材料/环氧复合涂层的耐蚀性能研究进展

结构保护法、保护层法、防护层材料法、电化学保护法和介质处理法等是金属防腐蚀的主要方法,在诸多缓蚀方法中,防护层材料法是一种经济高效且广泛使用的防腐方法。环氧树脂是一种高效的防护层材料,需经过常温固化或加热固化后使用。然而,其固化过程存在的微孔会弱化环氧涂层的耐蚀性。将纳米材料加入环氧树脂中形成环氧树脂复合涂层,可填补环氧涂层中的微孔,提升环氧涂层的防腐效率。首先,详细讨论了影响纳米材料/环氧复合涂层耐蚀性能的因素,探讨了纳米材料/环氧复合涂层的防腐机理。其次,简要介绍了用于环氧涂层的2种纳米材料（石墨烯和金属有机框架材料）,总结了石墨烯和金属有机框架材料的改性和修饰方法。最后,从树脂成分、填料成分、机理探究以及开发自愈合涂层等方面对纳米材料/环氧复合涂层应用存在的问题和发展前景进行了展望,提出纳米材料/环氧复合涂层是一种长期防护金属免受腐蚀的方法,未来应致力于研发用于环氧涂层的二维和三维材料。     

A high-mobility electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface

Polarity discontinuities at the interfaces between different crystalline materials (heterointerfaces) can lead to nontrivial local atomic and electronic structure, owing to the presence of dangling bonds and incomplete atomic coordinations. These discontinuities often arise in naturally layered oxide structures, such as the superconducting copper oxides and ferroelectric titanates, as well as in artificial thin film oxide heterostructures such as manganite tunnel junctions. If polarity discontinuities can be atomically controlled, unusual charge states that are inaccessible in bulk materials could be realized. Here we have examined a model interface between two insulating perovskite oxides--LaAlO3 and SrTiO3--in which we control the termination layer at the interface on an atomic scale. In the simple ionic limit, this interface presents an extra half electron or hole per two-dimensional unit cell, depending on the structure of the interface. The hole-doped interface is found to be insulating, whereas the electron-doped interface is conducting, with extremely high carrier mobility exceeding 10,000 cm2 V(-1) s(-1). At low temperature, dramatic magnetoresistance oscillations periodic with the inverse magnetic field are observed, indicating quantum transport. These results present a broad opportunity to tailor low-dimensional charge states by atomically engineered oxide heteroepitaxy.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备HEC/SiO2杂化材料的工艺研究

以羟乙基纤维素(HEC)、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶技术合成了HEC/SiO2有机-无机杂化材料.通过探讨水硅比、HEC含量、溶剂量、干燥控制化学添加剂用量、温度等工艺因素对凝胶化过程,特别是材料干燥体积收缩的影响,得出在本实验条件下合成HEC/SiO2有机-无机杂化材料的优化工艺条件.利用红外吸收光谱、紫外-可见光透射光谱以及扫描电子显微镜等测试手段对合成的HEC/SiO2有机-无机杂化材料进行表征.结果表明,HEC作为有机分散相已经均匀地分散到SiO2基相中,制备的HEC/SiO2有机-无机杂化材料透明,无分相,并可能形成了新的化学键.     

菱镁矿法合成微纳米三水碳酸镁晶须的研究

通过菱镁矿法合成了微纳米MgCO3·3H2O晶须.利用XRD,SEM研究了不同产地的原料、热解温度和添加剂种类对产物组成和形貌的影响.结果表明:最佳热解温度为50℃,采用宽甸和岫岩菱镁矿均能合成出结晶良好、高长径比的棒状MgCO3·3H2O晶须;当热解温度超过50℃时,MgCO3·3H2O晶须不稳定.SEM分析表明,无添加剂时,热解产物为不规则的棒状和针状混合晶体;添加无水乙醇和十二烷基硫酸钠时,产物均为表面光滑、长径比大的棒状晶体;添加多聚磷酸钠时,产物为团聚生长的短粗棒状晶体.菱镁矿法的实质是以菱镁矿为原料,经煅烧、水化和碳酸化反应后制得Mg(HCO3)2前驱溶液,再热解Mg(HCO3)2溶液得到最终产物MgCO3·3H2O晶须.     

新型有机/无机复合非线性光学材料制备及特性

用溶胶 -凝胶 (Sol_Gel)法制备了含对硝基偶氮苯酚 (NHA)和分散橙 3(DO3)生色团的两种掺杂型有机 /无机复合非线性光学 (NLO)材料 ,并通过FTIR、1H_NMR、UV_VIS、DSC和二次谐波信号 (SHG)测量等方法对它们的制备过程和NLO性能进行了考察 .实验结果表明 :两种掺杂型聚合物膜的最高掺杂量分别为w =7.2 %和w =11.3% ;二阶非线性光学系数 (d33)值分别为 2 .91× 10 - 8esu和 6.14× 10 - 8esu ;两种聚合物膜的常温稳定性都较好 ,90d后d33 值都能保持其初值的 85%以上 ,373K下 10h后d33值也能保持其初值的 50 %左右 .     

石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的结构与热性能

以有机物石蜡为相变材料、膨胀石墨为支撑结构，利用膨胀石墨的多孔吸附特性，制备出了石蜡含量分别为50％（质量分数，下同），60％，70％和80％的石蜡／膨胀石墨复合相变储热材料．采用扫描电镜（SEM）和差示扫描量热分析（DSC）对复合相变储热材料的结构和热性能进行了表征．结果表明：膨胀石墨吸附石蜡后仍然保持了原来疏松多孔的蠕虫状形态，石蜡被膨胀石墨微孔所吸附；复合相变储热材料的相变温度与石蜡相似，其相变潜热与基于复合材料中石蜡含量的潜热计算值相当．储（放）热性能测试结果表明，含80％石蜡的复合相变储热材料其储热时间比石蜡减少69．7％，放热时间减少80．2％．     

块状金属玻璃Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5的微压痕尺寸效应

基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则,建立了适用于描述压敏材料的低阶应变梯度塑性(CMSG)理论. 通过ABAQUS自定义材料子程序(UMAT),构造了CMSG理论本构计算的有限元格式,并对块状金属玻璃Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Al₁₀Ni₅的圆锥压痕实验响应进行了数值模拟分析. 计算结果与实验数据相吻合,表明该理论可以很好地描述金属玻璃的弹塑性行为. 在此基础上,研究了不同压深下的载荷位移曲线和硬度,计算结果显示该材料的硬度随着压痕深度的增大而减小,表明基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则的CMSG理论可以预测金属玻璃Zr₅₅Cu₃₀Al₁₀Ni₅在微米尺度下表现出来的尺寸效应现象. 此外,通过分析不同摩擦因数下材料的载荷位移曲线,表明摩擦力对该材料微压痕响应的影响可以忽略不计.     

电磁分离法制备原位Al/Mg2Si功能梯度复合材料

用电磁分离技术(EMS)制备了原位Al/Mg2Si功能梯度复合材料(FGMs)，并采用复合盐变质剂对初生Mg2Si增强相进行细化和变质.实验结果表明，制备的圆棒状复合材料在近外壁区域形成φ(Mg2Si)=17.5％相偏聚层，提高了表面硬度.电磁力参数、铸型温度场和铸型尺寸是影响增强颗粒分布的主要因素.通过控制外加磁场的电磁力参数和温度场，可实现复合材料中φ(Mg2Si)在径向呈既定的梯度规律变化.相同条件下，铸型内径越大，复合材料内部区域的增强颗粒所占比例就越高，增强颗粒的分布就越分散.