利用遥感反演的叶面积指数研究中国东部生态系统对东亚季风的响应

利用遥感信息反演的叶面积指数(LAI)数据和生物气候数据,研究区域尺度的植被生态系统季节和年际变化对东亚季风的响应.结果发现,中国东部季风区的植被生态系统与东亚季风气候呈显著的年际和季节变化相关.在季节尺度上表现为随着东亚季风从春季到秋季的由南向北的推进过程,植被生态系统出现明显的季节变化;在年际尺度上,高的LAI出现于强的东亚季风年,而低的LAI值则与弱的东亚季风年相对应.证明中国东部季风区呈现出季风驱动生态系统的明显特征,而且LAI可显示这一强的信号.     

南海夏季风强弱年东亚地表热力异常特征的合成研究

 利用NCAR/NCEP1948年1月-2002年12月共55 a 660个月的地表感热通量和地表潜热通量以及其它气象场的月平均再分析资料,计算了期间5-6月平均的南海夏季风湿位涡强度指数。由标准化的湿位涡强度指数距平的年际变化曲线,选择距平值大于0.5的年份为季风爆发的强年,距平值小于-0.5的年份为季风爆发的弱年,对强、弱年东亚及其周边地区的地表潜热通量（LHF）距平、地表感热通量（SHF）距平以及海平面气压（SLP）距平的分布特征进行了合成分析。结果表明,在南海夏季风爆发强年和弱年,其前期冬春季的地表潜热通量、感热通量以及海平面气压场的距平分布有很大不同,前冬的差别更为明显。冬季,LHF和SHF在强、弱年的主要差异在海洋上和近海地区,尤其是西太平洋沿岸,合成距平呈现沿海岸线的东北-西南向的带状分布,强年沿岸为正距平,弱年为负距平。LHF和SHF标准化距平叠加之和有同样的区域分布特征。这种强、弱年的距平分布差异,与低层风场在强、弱年的不同有密切关系,强年东亚冬季风偏强,弱年则反之。强、弱年SLP在前冬的距平差异,验证了上述结论。     

近50年来黄河人海水沙通量变化的多尺度分析

基于利津站近50年来的水沙通量资料,利用功率谱、交叉谱和小波分析对黄河入海水沙通量的多尺度变化特征进行了研究．谱分析结果显示,黄河入海水沙通量呈现明显的年际和年代际变化特征,径流量和输沙量在2．11,2．53,4．75和12．67a的时间尺度上具有显著的相关关系,年代际变化尺度上输沙量滞后于径流量1．76a左右,通过小波分析发现：20世纪70年代之前黄河入海水沙通量强度大且年际与年代际变化特征明显,而其后各种时间尺度的变化呈减弱趋势；水沙通量多尺度振荡的直接原因是黄河上中游流域降水量的周期性变化,而根本原因是西太平洋副热带高压的年际(准两年)和年代际振荡,且流域降水量多尺度振荡的递减特征导致了黄河入海水沙通量多尺度变化幅度的减弱趋势,黄河入海泥沙通量多尺度变化的强弱与三角洲淤进速率的快慢基本吻合。     

近50年来黄河入海水沙通量变化的多尺度分析

基于利津站近50年来的水沙通量资料，利用功率谱、交叉谱和小波分析对黄河入海水沙通量的多尺度变化特征进行了研究. 谱分析结果显示，黄河入海水沙通量呈现明显的年际和年代际变化特征. 径流量和输沙量在2.11， 2.53， 4.75和12.67a的时间尺度上具有显著的相关关系，年代际变化尺度上输沙量滞后于径流量1.76a左右. 通过小波分析发现：20世纪70年代之前黄河入海水沙通量强度大且年际与年代际变化特征明显，而其后各种时间尺度的变化呈减弱趋势；水沙通量多尺度振荡的直接原因是黄河上中游流域降水量的周期性变化，而根本原因是西太平洋副热带高压的年际（准两年）和年代际振荡，且流域降水量多尺度振荡的递减特征导致了黄河入海水沙通量多尺度变化幅度的减弱趋势. 黄河入海泥沙通量多尺度变化的强弱与三角洲淤进速率的快慢基本吻合.     

北部湾冬半年环流特征及驱动机制分析

【目的】为了给北部湾的环境保护提供科学依据,研究北部湾冬半年的环流变化特征及其驱动机制。【方法】通过POM模型构建三维斜压后报模型,模拟2006~2007年南海西北部的环流,模拟时考虑了日平均风场、日平均热通量、河流径流和潮汐等强迫场;通过无季风驱动的敏感性实验分析东北季风对北部湾冬半年流场的作用;通过洋浦港外海在2005年12月25日到2006年1月25日的一个月海流观测数据来分析冬季海南岛西北岸的海流特征。【结果】模拟结果与观测数据吻合较好,北部湾冬半年环流呈气旋式,嵌套着南部的气旋式环流,而且秋季与冬季环流存在季节性振荡特征:在秋季,南部的气旋式环流可向北侵入至19°N,比冬季深入得多;在冬季,湾西岸和海南岛西北岸的南向流比秋季要强;这种季节性变化特征可从表层直达深层。另外,海南岛西北岸流在冬季为西南向而非东北向。【结论】冬半年北部湾的北部环流为局地风驱动,南部环流是由东北季风驱动的南海陆架流侵入北部湾而形成的;这种季节性涛动受东北季风的高频振荡分量驱动,尤其风场的南北向分量贡献较大,也说明风场的时间分辨率对北部湾环流影响较大;海南岛西北岸的西南向流受琼州海峡的西向流驱动,而东北季风只起辅助作用。     

海南岛西岸上升流与暖池的数值研究

【目的】进一步探讨海南岛西岸的上升流与暖池的特征及生成机制。【方法】首先构建更为全面的控制模型(控制实验),包括日平均风场、热通量、侧边界通量、潮汐强迫以及河流径流等强迫场,然后在控制实验基础上,构建无潮汐强迫、无热通量强迫、无季风强迫等3个敏感性实验来分析3种强迫因子对海南岛西岸上升流与暖池的作用。【结果】夏季海南岛西岸存在上升流,该上升流受热通量和潮混合共同控制,缺乏其中任何一项上升流都会消失,而西南季风起反作用。另外,海南岛西岸在冬半年为暖池控制,秋季更为显著。东北季风引起的垂向混合与潜热通量对暖池起相当作用,ENSO事件对暖池的强度也有一定影响。【结论】控制实验结果与"908"调查结果及历史观测数据吻合较好,在流场与水团验证方面效果理想。另外,敏感性实验结果得出了比前人更完善的海南岛西岸上升流与暖池生成机制的观点。     

穿越东亚不同定义对流层顶质量和臭氧通量的分析

选取动力学和热力学定义的对流层顶作为平流层和对流层之间的分界,并利用等熵坐标下的Wei公式对东亚地区穿越对流层顶的质量和臭氧通量进行了分析,结果发现对流层顶的选择对于研究平流层与对流层交换方面的作用至关重要.东亚地区质量和臭氧通量交换在整体上具有明显的年代际变化特征,1958～2001年近44a的通量交换距平变化可以分为3个比较稳定的时段:即1958～1971,1972～1985和1986～2001年.在这3个时段中,通量交换距平分布表现为"负正负"的变化趋势,说明在东亚地区质量和臭氧净通量交换情况为先增强后减弱.东亚地区平流层和对流层之间质量和臭氧交换正距平区在东北平原和华北平原附近经历了一个逐渐增强的变化过程,表明这些区域在东亚地区平流层和对流层之间的质量和臭氧通量交换中扮演着越来越重要的角色.     

热带太平洋海平面年际和年代际变化研究进展

回顾热带太平洋对海平面长期趋势有重要影响的海平面年际和年代际变化的相关研究,总结包括近期提出的中部型厄尔尼诺在内的2种类型厄尔尼诺对热带太平洋海平面年际变化的影响,揭示了热带太平洋海平面年代际变化与信风年代际变化之间的紧密联系。指出赤道信风的增强对近期热带太平洋海平面变化格局的形成有决定性作用,厄尔尼诺强度的减弱对这种格局有贡献,而拉尼娜的影响有待深入研究。研究资料的局限性导致年代际变化的定量研究成果较少,在研究海平面年际和年代际变化时应用的热通量评估模型有待改进。     

更新世南海南部上层海水结构变化的岁差驱动

ODP1143站浮游有孔虫次表层种Pulleniatina obliquiloculata与表层种Globigerinoides ruber的δ18O差值( Δδ18O(P-G))和δ13C的差值( Δδ13C(P-G))揭示了1.56?Ma以来南海南部温跃层和营养跃层冰期、间冰期的变化规律.有孔虫同位素差值与地球轨道参数ETP的交叉频谱揭示出岁差周期与更新世南海南部上层海水结构(温跃层和营养跃层)变化周期的相关性.在1143站Δδ18O(P-G)和Δδ13C(P-G)记录中也发现了丰富的半岁差周期.由于南海上层海水结构与东亚季风关系密切,岁差作为外部驱动力应对更新世东亚季风的变化产生重大影响.     

2007年海气热通量影响南海夏季风爆发数值试验

本文利用RegCM3区域气候模式对2007年季风爆发前后南海海气热通量进行了数值模拟试验,探讨海气热通量对南海地区季风爆发以及相应变量场的影响得出以下结论：（1）RegCM3对南海降水、地面气温、500hPa位势高度场以及850hPa风场模拟整体偏弱,但是对各变量场的空间分布形势具有较好的模拟能力。（2）潜热、感热通量的变化对季风的爆发以及相应的变量场有重要影响,当去除潜热、感热通量后,南海低层基本受较强偏东风控制,500hPa位势高度有所偏高,副高偏西偏强,季风爆发严重偏晚,不利于南海地区水汽辐合抬升,使得降水大幅减少,大片海域甚至无降水出现;当潜热、感热加倍后,南海低层120°E以西基本受偏西风控制,风速明显加大,同时500hPa位势高度明显偏低,副高偏东偏弱,季风爆发偏早,有利于水汽在南海地区辐合,造成降水显著增多。     

Estimations of primary production and export production in the South China Sea based on sediment trap experiments

The results of time series sediment trap experiments in the South China Sea show that particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes are influenced by the monsoons. The increase of productivity in the northern South China Sea is mainly due to northeast monsoon while in the central South China Sea the influence of southwest monsoon becomes more prominent. The annual primary production and export production calculated based on POC fluxes are 53.0–63.4 and 10.32–12.93 gC m^-2a^-1, respectively. The enhancement of POC flux during monsoon period suggest that higher palaeoproductivity or organic carbon accumulation rate in glacial age in the South Chma Sea might be the result of strengthening of the monsoons.     

Variations in upper water structure during MIS 3 from the western South China Sea

Core 17954 is located in the modern summer upwelling area in western South China Sea, its sediments recorded the variations of upwelling generated by East Asia Summer Monsoon (EASM) during MIS 3. Based on the strict age model of AMS 14C dating, the paleo-Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Salinity (SSS) are reconstructed by pairing Mg/Ca-Paleothermometer and δ 18o of planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white s.s.). Results show that in Core 17954, the δ 18O record of G.ruber has sig- nificant mill...     

Siliceous microplankton fluxes and seasonal variations in the central South China Sea during 1993-1995:monsoon climate and El Ni(n)o responses

Seasonal variations of radiolarian and diatom fluxes in the central South China Sea during 1993-1995 were overwhelmingly controlled by monsoon climate. Radiolarian and diatom increased obviously during the Northeast (from November to February) and Southwest (from June to September) monsoons and decreased during the periods between the monsoons. The change of circulation driven by the monsoons improved water exchange in the different areas that brought rich nutrient materials for the surface microplankton, thereby enhancing radiolarian and diatom fluxes. Variation of radiolarian flux coincided with organic carbon flux, surface primary and export productivities. High radiolarian flux corresponded to high surface primary productivity. Radiolarian and diatom fluxes raised abnormally during 1994-1995 could be attributed to the El Ni(n)o event during the period.     

Siliceous microplankton fluxes and seasonal variations in the central South China Sea during 1993–1995: monsoon climate and El Niño responses

Seasonal variations of radiolarian and diatom fluxes in the central South China Sea during 1993–1995 were overwhelmingly controlled by monsoon climate. Radiolarian and diatom increased obviously during the Northeast (from November to February) and Southwest (from June to September) monsoons and decreased during the periods between the monsoons. The change of circulation driven by the monsoons improved water exchange in the different areas that brought rich nutrient materials for the surface microplankton, thereby enhancing radiolarian and diatom fluxes. Variation of radiolarian flux coincided with organic carbon flux, surface primary and export productivities. High radiolarian flux corresponded to high surface primary productivity. Radiolarian and diatom fluxes raised abnormally during 1994–1995 could be attributed to the El Nino event during the period.     

A 200-ka carbon isotope record from the South China Sea

Stable isotope of autogenous oceanic carbonate (e.g., calcite of foraminiferal shells) has become a basic tracer in paleoceanography. Oxygen isotope composi-tion (δ 18O) is generally controlled by factors, such as ice volume and water temperature, and is…     

Impacts of intraseasonal oscillation on the onset and interannual variation of the Indian summer monsoon

The role of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) on the seasonal and interannual variations of the Indian summer monsoon is investigated based on the analysis of observational data. It is shown that the ISO significantly contributes to the establishment of low-level westerlies during the monsoon onset and developing periods. The effect of the ISO on the annual cycle of the monsoon is through nonlinear eddy momentum transport. On the interannual timescale, the Indian summer monsoon rainfall exhibits a significant out-of-phase relationship with the ISO intensity over the Indian monsoon region. In strong ISO years it appears the weak monsoon when there is an abnormal high over the India subcontinent in the lower troposphere. In weak ISO years there exists an abnormal low and the strong monsoon appears. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB403602), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40225012 and 40775039) and Chinese COPES Program (Grant No. GYHY200706005)     

Benthic foraminiferal fauna turnover at 2.1 Ma in the northern South China Sea

Quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) shows that abundance of Bulimina alazanensis, sometimes up to about 90%, decreased gradually since 3.2 Ma, especially at 2.1 Ma. Abundance of other benthic foraminiferal species, Globobulimina sub-globosa and Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, increased after 2.1 Ma. Comparison with changes in oxygen and carbon isotopes of planktonic and benthic foraminifera shows that high abundance values of B. alazanensis corresponded with lower values of oxygen isotope, but for carbon isotope, high values of the species were consistent with heavier carbon isotope of benthic foraminifera and lighter carbon isotope of planktonic foraminifera, respectively, and vice versa. Considering factors such as uplift of Bashi Strait, expansion of the North Hemisphere Glaciation, strengthening of East Asian winter mon-soon and variations in oxygen and carbon isotope of foraminifera, changes of B. alazanensis in ODP Site 1146 suggest that the source of deep water masses of the northern South China Sea changed from the warm Pacific deep water with high oxygen content to Pacific Intermediate water with low oxygen content at 2.1 Ma. In addition, the strengthened East Asian winter monsoon resulted in increased pri-mary productivity, high nutrient and suboxic bottom water. Variations in species of B. alazanensis seemed to be unable to tolerate environmental stress induced by deep water masses and productivity changes.     

Holocene climatic change in Hunshandake Desert

Research on the geological data of Hunshandake Desert in China monsoon region revealed that Holocene summer monsoon had experienced six prevailing periods and seven weakening periods. The climatic humidity and the vegetation had also undergone the similar periodical variation influenced by the monsoon periodicity. The period when summer monsoon prevailed or winter monsoon weakened and climatic humidity and vegetation coverage relatively increased, corresponded to the global warming events;whereas the period when summer monsoon weakened or winter monsoon prevailed and climatic humidity and vegetation coverage relatively decreased, corresponded to the arid events in middle to low latitudes and the cold events in North Atlantic. As for the changing regularity of summer monsoon intensity there were two distinct periodicities of 1456 years and 494 years, also these two periodicities had global significance.     

Late quaternary upper-water column structure in upwelling areas of the South China Sea

Based on a quantitative analysis of planktonic foraminifera in two gravity cores (17928 and 17954), the history of the upper-water structure of the eastern and west ern slopes of the South China Sea (SCS) over the last 220 Ka was reconstructed using the transfer function technique. Our results show that lower sea surface temperature (SST) and shallower depth of thermocline (DOT) exist at Core 17928, off Luzon, in the glacial periods; on the contrary, the same situation turned up in the interglacial at Core 17954, off Vietnam. These changes of the upper-water column structure in the two areas are induced by coastal upwelling, which in turn is driven by monsoons, namely, winter monsoon leads to upwelling at the eastern slope, and summer monsoon gives birth to upwelling on the western slope. Moreover, the intensity of upwellings is also closely related to the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. Therefore, we assume that the changes of the upwelling in the two sites indicate strengthenning of winter and summer monsoon during the glacial and inter glacial periods, respectively.     

Imprint of solar activity on Nanjing stalagmite annual layer thickness sequence during the Last Glacial Maximum

PREVIOUS STUDIES ON ANNUAL GROWTH LAMINAE IN STA-LAGMITES SUGGESTED THAT IT IS A USEFUL PROXY TO INVESTI-GATE ANNUALLY HIGH-RESOLUTION CLIMATES[1―4].THE VARIA-TION OF ANNUAL LAMINAE THICKNESS HAS BEEN EXPLAINED AS REFLECTING SEASONAL CHANGES EITHER IN DR…