异常高压气藏产能测试分析方法

南海西部海域莺歌海盆地DFX气田埋深3 000 m,压力系数1.8,地层压力52.7 MPa,为异常高压气藏。目前该区域第一口探井DFX-1井的稳定产能测试资料出现二项式产能方程回归曲线斜率为负,指数式产能方程的指数大于1的异常情况,无法计算气井无阻流量。针对其异常情况,采用了"一点法"、产能方程校正、考虑表皮影响的拟压力产能方程以及考虑应力敏感影响的改进的拟压力产能方程等多种方法,计算异常高压气井的无阻流量。并对比分析"一点法"、产能方程校正的不足,提出考虑表皮影响的拟压力产能方程,能有效计算出合理的异常高压气井无阻流量。同时,采用改进的拟压力方法证实渗透率应力敏感给单井产能带来的影响不容忽视。     

动态一点法产能方程在气藏开发中的应用

针对目前"一点法"试井在气藏开发应用中存在的问题,推导出动态"一点法"的产能公式。通过选择一个测试点中的地层压力、井底流压和产量值,计算此地层压力条件下的天然气物性参数。结合试井资料结果,求取此条件下的α值,继而求解当前测试条件下的动态产能。此方法克服了常规方法笼统地使用一次回归得到的产能系数来计算不同时期产能带来的误差。通过在东方1-1气田的应用证实,与常规回压试井结果相比,此方法求取产能结果可靠。通过结合垂直管流计算程序,能够利用日常生产测试资料求取动态产能,对气藏的合理开发,具有重要的指导意义。     

气井稳定渗流理论的研究与应用

为了解决气井稳定渗流理论对气井稳定试井(亦称产能试井)的影响问题,采用新的气井稳定渗流理论即二次三项式和三次三项式研究气井产能。研究结果表明:在一定条件下,采用该方法可应用二次三项式确定气井的产能方程,该法不仅能确定气井的无阻流量,更重要的是能确定该井的临界产量,从而能更合理的确定该气井的工作制度;用三次三项式建立高压低渗气井产能方程所计算的井底压力、平均地层压力、曲线拟合误差平方和等重要参数均比二项式更精确。该成果为矿场工作人员优选稳定试井资料的处理方法提供了依据。     

试凑法在处理气井井口压恢曲线异常中的应用

针对气井关井压力恢复曲线异常（即关井后井底压力上升时井口压力下降）的现象,基于现场测试数据和文献调研,修正了井底压力计算模型。采用试凑法,从井流物组成在关井过程中有无发生变化两个方面对井口压力恢复曲线进行了校正。实例计算表明,该方法可以消除气井井口压力恢复曲线异常对试井解释的影响,并对井流物组成相同或相近的气井具有一定的借鉴意义,为气藏试井解释和动态计算提供了基础和依据。     

苏里格气田“单点法”产能测试条件研究

结合苏里格气田的实际,对“单点法”产能试井方法的理论基础进行了分析,建立了适合于苏里格气田产能评价的“单点法”数学模型,研究了苏里格气田“单点法”试井测试的基本条件.结果表明,“单点法”产能试井方法是苏里格气田产能分析的一种十分有效的方法,但使用该方法时,需要满足一定的测试条件.苏里格气田气井至少需要无阻生产200h,并且井底压比小于80%时用“单点法”计算的无阻流量才能可靠地反映地层的实际情况.     

基于双孔隙径向复合地层渗流理论的气井产能模型

油气井的产能在油气田的开发中具有重要的地位和作用,它是制定油气田开发方案、确定油气井合理配产的重要依据。目前确定油、气井产能的主要方法是稳定试井方法,包括回压试井、等时试井、修正的等时试井和一点法试井。这些方法要求测试达到稳定状态,测试时间长,而用压力恢复试井确定气井产能,则可以极大地提高了确定气井产能的工作效率和经济效益。基于四川盆地大多数气藏属于裂缝孔隙型气藏,气藏非均质性强,双孔隙径向复合地层特征明显,在流体在裂缝和基质中的渗流特征的基础上,推导出了基于压力恢复试井解释参数,适合该地层模型的气井产能方程。并且通过实例计算表明,该方程在裂缝孔隙型气藏中,有较好的适用性。     

一种新的凝析气井产能方程确定方法

在凝析气藏衰竭开采过程中,凝析油会在井底附近析出并逐渐积累形成高饱和度区域,造成气相渗透率和绝对渗透率降低,影响凝析气井产能;因而,凝析气井产能方程的确定有很大困难。提出将凝析油气两相指数式方程中的拟压力积分分解为两个积分函数之积,一个积分函数与流体高压物性有关,另一个积分函数与流体的有效渗透率有关。在此基础上,又提出了用实际凝析气井不稳定压力试井数据来确定所定义的拟有效渗透率,从而可确定凝析气井产能方程中的真实拟压力,由此获得实际凝析气井产能方程。     

压回法阶段压井数学模型与模拟分析

 根据压回法压井过程中气体压缩规律和气液两相流特性,提出了压回法压井过程可分为3 个阶段,并建立了考虑气体滑脱的阶段压井数学模型,用于压回法作业井底压力和套压变化规律的定量计算。压井参数敏感性模拟分析表明,压井排量越大,压井持续时间越短,产生的井底压力和套压越大;地层渗透率和渗透性地层厚度对压井第一阶段的井底压力和套压影响不大,但当高渗透或高厚度地层进入压井第二、第三阶段,随渗透率或地层厚度增加,压井产生的井底压力和套压减小,且降幅减缓。通过分析压井过程中井底压力和套压变化规律,绘制了压回法典型压井曲线模型。预测结果与实测数据对比表明：该数学模型具有较高的预测精度,能够为溢流压井方法的选择和压回法施工设计提供理论依据与指导。     

印尼M、N凝析气田产能描述

结合M与N凝析气田的地质特征与流体特点,分析二项式产能方程异常的原因,并进行校正,有效建立了24次产能测试中的21个产能方程,计算无阻流量介于（3~192）×104m3/d,大部分气井为中、高产气井。建立了测井解释渗透率与试井解释渗透率之间、试井地层系数与无阻流量之间、合理产能与无阻流量之间的关系;结合最小携液量图版,确定技术上合理的产能。实际应用时可以根据生产的需要调整合理产量,为方案设计、生产规划提供技术依据。     

高速非达西流动定压生产气井试井分析方法

针对定压气井试井中求取高速非达西流动因子的难题,研究了井筒周围气体高速非达西流动影响,推导得出了无限大地层气井定井底流压生产的渗流方程,通过对该方程的处理,并对定压生产气井试井数据进行分析,确定出此类气藏的储层渗透率、非达西流动因子和表皮因子。实例分析表明,对于具备条件进行定流压生产测试的气井,利用该试井分析方法可方便、准确地求取地层参数。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.