斑地锦和地锦的生长特征及其竞争能力比较研究

通过野外样方调查,比较了入侵种斑地锦和土著种地锦的生长特征和竞争能力.结果表明:斑地锦的有性繁殖效力显著高于地锦,其果穗数和果穗长明显大于地锦,而营养生长效力显著低于地锦,其叶面积则明显小于地锦,说明斑地锦较多地投资于繁殖生长,而地锦较多地投资于营养生长.种间竞争和种内竞争明显降低了入侵种斑地锦和土著种地锦的平均每株果穗数、果穗长、单株地上生物量和单株总生物量,且地锦的种间竞争能力(相对邻里效应指数)显著大于入侵种斑地锦,表明入侵植物斑地锦目前不能对广泛分布的地锦发生竞争取代.     

不同光照强度对车前生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

探索适宜于车前生长的光照条件,为车前人工种植技术的构建提供理论依据,以车前幼苗为材料,分别设置全光照作为对照(CK)、40%"45%遮阴(L_1)、90%"95%遮阴(L_2),研究不同光照强度下车前形态、生物量特征和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明:(1)重度遮阴显著增加叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、单叶面积及总叶面积,显著降低车前叶片数、株高、根长及穗数;轻度遮阴显著增加叶片宽度、叶柄长及穗数。(2)重度遮阴显著降低车前根、叶及总生物量;轻度遮阴增加叶、穗生物量及总生物量。(3)轻度及重度遮阴均显著降低车前叶绿素含量;轻度遮阴增加车前最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)、非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)。全光和重度遮阴抑制车前光合作用能力,进而抑制其生物量积累,可见轻度遮阴对车前生长有利。     

北美车前不同种群密度下的生理指标及其适应意义

测定了相近环境条件下,高密度和低密度种群的北美车前在不同生长时期的叶绿素α／b值、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖及脯氨酸(Pro)的含量。结果表明,各个生长时期的北美车前,高密度种群的叶绿素α／b值低于低密度种群,而POD活性、可溶性糖含量和叶片游离脯氨酸含量都高于低密度种群,并分析了4种生理指标的变化与种群对环境适应间的相关性。     

铝胁迫对车前光合生理特性的影响

研究了铝胁迫对车前(Plantago asiatica L.)的净光合速率、气孔导度以及胞间CO2浓度等光合特性的变化,结果表明:高浓度A1胁迫导致车前叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率以及气孔导度显著减低,而胞间CO2浓度显著升高,从而严重抑制了植物叶片光合作用的正常进行.铝胁迫导致车前光合作用受到抑制是非气孔因素,而不是气孔因素造成的.高的A1胁迫对车前的Amax, AQE和 LSP都有抑制作用,表明高浓度铝胁迫下车前对环境的适应性受到破坏.研究结果还表明,由于长期生长在酸性铝毒红壤环境,车前已经对低浓度铝毒具有了一定适应性.     

外来植物入侵和防制入侵方法

外来植物入侵是非土著植物通过各种方式进入并定居在一个新的生态系统,一般具有比土著植物更强的生活能力,从而对土著植物的多样性构成威胁。文章综述了外来入侵植物的基本生理生态特征和其入侵的一般特征,并分析了目前我国植物入侵的现状,最后提出了防制植物入侵的一般方法。     

不同竞争力的外来种入侵对栖息地毁坏的响应

初步建立了一个不同竞争力外来种入侵的动力模型,并模拟了外来种的竞争力对入侵的影响,以及不同竞争力外来种入侵对栖息地毁坏的响应过程.研究结果表明:(1)外来种入侵首先威胁的是与其竞争力相邻的弱本地种;(2)在外来种成功入侵之后,将导致比其弱的本地种从强到弱依次灭绝;(3)不同竞争力的外来种入侵对栖息地毁坏的响应是随其竞争...     

苯菌灵添加对植物种间竞争的影响：以加拿大一枝黄花与野大豆为例

共生微生物在植物的种间竞争与植物入侵过程中起到重要作用,而人类活动的干扰会破坏植物与土壤微生物间的共生关系,进而影响植物的种间竞争.为了探究干扰导致的共生关系破坏对植物种间竞争的影响及其可能的生态学后果,本研究选取土著植物野大豆(Glycine soja)与外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)为研究对象,使用苯菌灵抑制植物与土壤微生物之间的相互作用强度.结果显示,苯菌灵的添加主要抑制了植物与土壤微生物(菌根真菌、根瘤菌)的互利共生.对于苯菌灵导致的共生作用破坏,两种植物产生了不同的生长响应(野大豆叶根比不变,加拿大一枝黄花叶根比上升).这导致种间竞争条件下,野大豆的地下及地上竞争能力降低,植物的种间竞争平衡发生变化.本研究的结果表明,干扰导致的共生关系破坏对土著植物野大豆的影响大于对加拿大一枝黄花的影响,进而间接促进了外来植物加拿大一枝黄花的入侵.     

西峰黄土高原冬春季气温对车前物候期的影响

利用西峰农业气象试验站2010-2019年共10年自然物候观测资料,对草本植物车前全物候期与对应年代的冬季、春季平均气温资料,分析了冬季、春季平均气温对车前全物候发育期的影响.结果表明:西峰黄土高原冬季平均气温偏高年与偏低年车前各平均物候发育期差异最显著的是萌芽期,偏高年比偏低年提前了 7 d,其次是展叶期提前了 6d,其余各物候发育期均偏迟2～7d;春季平均气温偏高年与偏低年车前各平均物候发育期除黄枯期偏迟了 6d外,其余各物候发育期均提前了 5～8d,其中差异最显著的依然是萌芽、展叶期,偏高年比偏低年提前了 8d,其次是开花和种子散落期,提前了 6d,再是种子成熟期,提前了 5d.由此可见,春季平均气温比冬季平均气温对车前各物候期的影响更显著,冬、春季平均气温偏高年植物均萌芽早,而器官黄枯衰退却迟,车前全物候发育期延长.     

互花米草与芦苇叶片化感物质对两者种子胚芽生长的影响

研究入侵植物互花米草叶片化感物质对土著植物芦苇种子胚芽生长的影响,对探讨其入侵机制具有重要意义.采用培养皿滤纸法,分析了用10,20,30,40,50g/L互花米草叶片化感物质提取液对芦苇种子胚芽,以及芦苇叶片化感物质提取液对互花米草种子胚芽生长的影响.结果表明:低浓度互花米草叶片化感物质提取液对芦苇胚芽生长无明显影响,30g/L时才有明显的抑制作用,且浓度越高,对芦苇胚芽生长抑制作用越强;而芦苇叶片化感物质提取液对互花米草的胚芽生长无明显影响.互花米草可能通过分泌某些次生代谢物质抑制土著植物芦苇种子萌发,而土著植物对入侵植物并无明显影响,这可能是互花米草成功入侵的主要原因之一.     

许昌市城郊外来入侵植物调查及危害风险评价

对许昌市城郊的外来入侵植物统计分析结果表明:外来入侵植物共有46种,隶属18科;其来源地有南北美洲、欧洲、西亚等地区;入侵途径主要包括人为有意引入、人类活动无意引入和自然侵入;成灾机制则主要受植物本身的生物学特性和适宜的地理环境以及人类活动的影响.据作者建立的许昌市城郊外来入侵植物危害风险评价指标分析:在46种外来入侵植物中,其中有21种属于高风险危害植物,10种属于中风险危害植物.     

A new mechanism of invader success： Exotic plant inhibits natural vegetation restoration by changing soil microbe community

Since the 1950s of the last century, the exotic plant, Eupatorium adenophorum, has spread rapidly across southwest China, damaging native ecosystems and causing great economic losses. We examined the pH, N, P, K, and organic matter concentrations, and the bacterial community character (by Biolog EcoPlateTM) in soils from sites heavily and lightly invaded by this exotic species. Also, soil from the lightly invaded site was treated with a water extract of E.adenophorum roots to examine the effect of the plant on soil properties. We grew three plant species, one native and two exotic, in pot experiment using soil from heavily invaded site to examine the effects of the soil on these plants growth. The soil analysis demonstrated that the pH, organic matter, total N, total P and total K in soils from the heavily invaded site were only slightly different from those of the lightly invaded site, but concentrations of NH4^ , NO3^- and available P and K in the heavily invaded site were greater than those in the lightly invaded site. The catabolic activity of soil bacterial community in the heavily invaded site was different from that in the lightly invaded site. The catabolic activity of bacterial community in soils treated by the water extract of E.adenophorum roots changed and became similar to that in soils from the heavily invaded site. The pot experiment showed that the exotic plants growth in heavily invaded soil were not different from in lightly invaded soil; however, the native plant biomass decreased dramatically when grown in soil from the heavily invaded site as compared to soil from the lightly invaded site; and the same phenomenon was found when any potential allelopathic effects by E. adenophorum were eliminated by added activated carbon to those soils. Difference in soil nutrient availability and allelopathy could not explain this phenomenon of the native plant in the soils from the heavily and lightly invaded sites. Changes observed in the soil bacterial community were obviously related to native plant growth in those tow soils. Those results suggest that changing soil microbial community may be an important part of E. adenophorum invasion process. Since the soil microbial community serves as bridge in connection of exotic and natural plants, the exotic plant could inhibit the natural plant growth and reproduction by changing the soil microbial community in invaded site.     

车前草中一种黄酮化合物的电喷雾多级串联质谱研究

利用电喷雾多级串联质谱技术研究了车前草药材中的一种黄酮化合物,根据其在负离子条件下表现出的特征质谱行为,提出了该化合物可能的电喷雾质谱碎裂规律。     

外来种加拿大一枝黄花与土著种芦苇根际土壤线虫群落比较

为比较外来入侵种加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)与土著种芦苇(Phragmites australis)根际土壤线虫多样性和群落结构的差异,笔者分别于2009年4月(出苗期)、9月(开花期)和12月(枯萎期)对杭州下沙加拿大一枝黄花群落及相邻芦苇群落的根际土壤线虫进行调查.结果显示:两种植物根际土壤线虫群落存在差异,并且这种差异与采样时间(植物生长阶段)有关.加拿大一枝黄花根际土壤的线虫数量、属丰富度和多样性在出苗期和开花期与芦苇根际没有显著差异,而在枯萎期则显著高于芦苇.加拿大一枝黄花根际土壤线虫营养多样性在三个生长阶段均显著高于芦苇.在出苗期和开花期加拿大一枝黄花根际植食性线虫比例明显低于芦苇根际,食真菌线虫比例则明显高于后者;在枯萎期,加拿大一枝黄花根际土壤线虫的食真菌线虫比例明显高于芦苇根际土壤,而食细菌线虫比例趋于降低.非参数多变量排序(MDS)表明,加拿大一枝黄花根际土壤线虫群落结构与芦苇在其三个生长阶段均差异明显,其中枯萎期差异最大.上述结果表明外来植物入侵在一定程度上改变了土壤线虫多样性、功能多样性和营养结构,这种改变可能导致土壤生态系统中营养源流向和路径发生变化,并促进外来植物进一步入侵.     

Soil biota and exotic plant invasion

Invasive plants are an economic problem and a threat to the conservation of natural systems. Escape from natural enemies might contribute to successful invasion, with most work emphasizing the role of insect herbivores; however, microbial pathogens are attracting increased attention. Soil biota in some invaded ecosystems may promote 'exotic' invasion, and plant-soil feedback processes are also important. Thus, relatively rare species native to North America consistently demonstrate negative feedbacks with soil microbes that promote biological diversity, whereas abundant exotic and native species demonstrate positive feedbacks that reduce biological diversity. Here we report that soil microbes from the home range of the invasive exotic plant Centaurea maculosa L. have stronger inhibitory effects on its growth than soil microbes from where the weed has invaded in North America. Centaurea and soil microbes participate in different plant-soil feedback processes at home compared with outside Centaurea's home range. In native European soils, Centaurea cultivates soil biota with increasingly negative effects on the weed's growth, possibly leading to its control. But in soils from North America, Centaurea cultivates soil biota with increasingly positive effects on itself, which may contribute to the success of this exotic species in North America.     

杉木缺硼症的诊断和发生规律研究

经过光镜检查、电镜分析、易地栽培、嫁接试验、探索性防治试验以及元素分析和施肥诊断等手段，证明了发生在邵武杉木上的被称之为“大头病”的病害是一种由于缺硼引起的生理性病害。对不同地方发病圃地发病率与土壤、气候等环境因子进行相关分析。结果指出质地较轻、有机质含量少的酸性土容易发病，发病季节的高温、干旱使病害发生更加严重。杉苗稚冠比测定结果表明较低的根冠比与杉木缺硼症有较密切的关系。     

外来植物仔簕树生理生态特性的季节变化

为研究外来入侵植物簕仔树Mimosa bimucronata在广州的生态适应性,以便为防治其生态危害提供科学依据.利用便携式光合-蒸腾仪于广州白云山对簕仔树和3种本地植物（阳性树种木荷Schima superba、阴性树种阴香Cinnamomum burmannii和九节Psychotria rubra）的活体叶片进行1年内不同季节的生理生态特性测定.结果显示：4个季节的簕仔树日均净光合速率（以CO2计）分别为0.22、1.00、1.94和1.62μmol.m-2.s-1;低光照时,簕仔树净光合速率低,光照强时净光合速率较高,九节和阴香的净光合速率较大,木荷最低.簕仔树4个季节的日均呼吸速率（以CO2计）分别为0.28、0.32、0.65和0.45μmol.m-2.s-1,均高于其它3种植物.4种植物中,簕仔树的蒸腾速率变幅最大,4个季节日均蒸腾速率（以H2O计）分别为0.01、0.07、0.24和0.06μmol.m-2.s-1,秋季最高.簕仔树的水分利用效率在干旱的冬季最大,表现出比本地植物更抗旱.在群落内部的低光照下,与本地物种相比,簕仔树在有机质积累上未见优势,但在高光照条件下,具有较高的净光合速率,且在干旱季节的水分利用效率更具潜力,可考虑生境遮蔽或提高水分来降低其生长速率.     

金花茶与其伴生植物光合特性的比较研究

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统对防城金花茶国家级自然保护区的金花茶（Camellia nitidissima）和两种伴生植物九节木（Psychotria rubra）和华润楠（Machilus chinensis）的成熟叶片进行光合测定,比较他们的光合特性。结果表明,金花茶的光饱和光合速率、光饱和点和表观量子效率均显著低于两种伴生植物,光补偿点显著高于伴生植物;大部分光强下,金花茶的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均低于两种伴生植物,而水分利用效率高于两种伴生植物。说明保守的水分利用方式,不利于光合速率的提高;较低的光合能力和较窄的光强适应范围使金花茶在群落竞争中处于不利地位。     

Introduced species and their missing parasites

Damage caused by introduced species results from the high population densities and large body sizes that they attain in their new location. Escape from the effects of natural enemies is a frequent explanation given for the success of introduced species. Because some parasites can reduce host density and decrease body size, an invader that leaves parasites behind and encounters few new parasites can experience a demographic release and become a pest. To test whether introduced species are less parasitized, we have compared the parasites of exotic species in their native and introduced ranges, using 26 host species of molluscs, crustaceans, fishes, birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Here we report that the number of parasite species found in native populations is twice that found in exotic populations. In addition, introduced populations are less heavily parasitized (in terms of percentage infected) than are native populations. Reduced parasitization of introduced species has several causes, including reduced probability of the introduction of parasites with exotic species (or early extinction after host establishment), absence of other required hosts in the new location, and the host-specific limitations of native parasites adapting to new hosts.     

海滨锦葵数量性状的相关和主成分分析

对海滨锦葵的9个数量性状(产量、株高、地径、分枝数、百粒重、种子数、发芽率、蛋白质和粗脂肪)进行了变异程度、相关性和主成分分析。结果表明：(1)海滨锦葵自然生长群体急需改良，单系产量问存在极显著差异(变异系数为98．44％)；(2)产量与地径和分枝数间有十分显著的正相关(r=0．788和0．709)，粗脂肪、株高与产量间有显著的相关性(r=0．380和0．279)；蛋白质、粗脂肪与地径间有显著的相关性(r=308和0．342)；(3)9个数量性状可归纳为4个主成分(产量因子、株高因子、百粒重因子和品质因子)，累积贡献率为77．176％，依据各主成分贡献率的大小，以主成分为单位选育优质高产的海滨锦葵单系则可先选择大地径、多分枝的组合，结合选择多种子的后代材料，最后选育品质较好的优良单系。     

鸡油菌浸染对马尾松生物量及净碳储量的影响

为探索鸡油菌菌根浸染对造林过程中马尾松生物量及净碳储量的影响,采用非灭菌接种法研究了鸡油菌浸染对马尾松林分特征的影响,鸡油菌浸染对马尾松生物量的影响,鸡油菌浸染对马尾松净碳储量的影响。研究结果表明,经鸡油菌菌根浸染的马尾松生长状况明显好于对照组,处理组马尾松全株平均生物量为2.555kg,比对照组多0.2kg(P0.05);处理组平均每株净碳储量为1.16kg/株,比非处理组高0.1kg/株(P0.05)。说明鸡油菌人工浸染马尾松后,能在新造林地的环境里与马尾松维持良好的共生关系,同时促进马尾松生长,可为困难地造林提理论与实践指导。