蓖麻蚕触角的结构和嗅觉感受细胞对化学气味物质…

扫描电镜和透射电镜观察蓖麻蚕的触角和毛形感器。雄蛾触角上的毛形感器比雌蛾的长且多。雄蛾触角的每个毛形感器内有二个或三个树突。用４１种人工合成化合物刺激蓖麻蚕触角，单细胞记录方法记录感受细胞的感受器电位和神经冲动发放发现，雄蛾对Ｅ６，Ｚ１１－十六碳二烯醛和Ｅ４，Ｚ９－十四碳二烯醇，酯及醛反应明显。雌蛾触角对上述化合物无反应。     

蓖麻蚕触角的结构和嗅觉感受细胞对化学气味物质的反应

扫描电镜和透射电镜观察蓖麻蚕的触角和毛形感器。雄蛾触角上的毛形感器比雌蛾的长且多。雄蛾触角的每个毛形感器内有二个或三个树突。用４１种人工合成化合物刺激蓖麻蚕触角，单细胞记录方法记录感受细胞的感受器电位和神经冲动发放发现，雄蛾对Ｅ６，Ｚ１１－十六碳二烯醛和Ｅ４，Ｚ９－十四碳二烯醇，酯及醛反应明显。雌蛾触角对上述化合物无反应。     

用于昆虫外激素研究的无分流进样及弹性毛细柱气相色谱分离几何异构体方法初

报导用无分流进样及毛细柱气相色谱分离昆虫外激素组分中几何异构体的初步结果,用合成的马尾松毛虫雌性引诱外激素三个组分顺5,反7－十二碳二烯醇（Z－5,E－7－DDOL）;顺5,反7－十二碳二烯惭酸酯（Z－5,E－7－DDA）;顺5,反7－十二碳二烯丙酸酯（Z－5,E－7－DDP）及它们的几何异构体作为标准化合物来探索分离进样方法,用非极性的OV－101熔融硅弹性毛细柱可分离这三个组分的顺反与顺顺,反反异构体,用极性PEG－20M弹性毛细柱又可将顺反及反顺异构体分离。     

甘蓝夜蛾性信息素的合成

以四氢康醇为原料合成了甘蓝夜蛾的性信息系组分顺及反－１１－十六碳稀基乙酸酯。     

蓝绿齿角芫菁异型触角的扫描电镜观察(鞘翅目,芫菁科)

蓝绿齿角芫菁Cerocoma schreberi Fabricius成虫两性触角形状差异极大,性二型特征十分显著,即♀性触角典型棒状,♂性触角为不规则状.应用电子扫描电镜对♀、♂性触角的超微结构进行了观察和分析,研究表明:该虫触角表面共分布4类11种感器,其中毛形感器5种、锥形感器3种、指形感器2种、刺形感器1种;毛形感器(TS2)、锥形感器(BS3)和指形感器(DS1)为♀、♂性共有的感器类型,其感器的数量分布以毛形感器和指形感器最多.♀、性触角的感器类型、感器数量和感器分布均存在显著差异.     

11—十四碳烯—1—醇的合成

报道以易的１０－十一烯醇为原料合成１１－十四碳烯－１－醇的简便方法，关键步骤是聚合物支载的Ｗｉｔｔｉｎｇ试剂与十二醛四氢吡喃醚在ＴＨＦ中以ＮａＨ作碱条件下反应，然后在甲醇溶液中加肖盐酸去掉吡喃在，得到目标化合物，顺，反异构体之比为７８．５：２１．５。     

苹褐带卷蛾成虫触角和喙感器的超微结构观察

对苹褐带卷蛾Adoxophyes orana成虫触角和喙感器的形态、数量及分布特征进行超微观察,为研究该虫的嗅觉感器功能、寄主选择机制及利用性诱剂监测和防治苹褐带卷蛾提供形态学依据。应用扫描电镜对苹褐带卷蛾成虫触角和喙感器的形态结构进行观察。结果发现,苹褐带卷蛾成虫触角上存在毛形感器、刺形感器、腔锥形感器(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、锥形感器、耳形感器(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、鳞形感器、芽形感器及B?hm氏鬃毛等8种感器。其中,毛形感器存在的数量最多,锥形感器仅在触角鞭节各亚节腹面远端有分布,鳞形感器和芽形感器分别存在于雌虫触角和雄虫触角中,其它类型感器均可在雌雄虫触角的腹背两侧观察到。此外,通过对苹褐带卷蛾成虫喙的形态结构观察显示,其共存在3种感器,即毛形感器、Ⅱ型耳形感器和Ⅱ型腔锥形感器,其中以毛形感器分布数量居多,仅存在少量Ⅱ型耳形感器和Ⅱ型腔锥形感器。苹褐带卷蛾触角感器种类丰富,多数具有嗅觉功能,其具体执行后嗅觉功能有待进一步研究。     

11－十四碳烯－1－醇的合成

报道以易得的１０－十一烯醇（２）为原料合成１１－十四碳烯－１－醇（１）的简便方法．关键步骤是聚合物支载的Ｗｉｔｔｉｇ试剂（聚苯乙烯基二苯基－正－丙基溴化磷盐）与十一醛四氢吡喃醚在ＴＨＦ中以ＮａＨ作碱条件下反应，然后在甲醇溶液中加浓盐酸去掉吡喃保护基，得到目标化合物（１）．顺、反异构体之比为７８．５∶２１．５     

用于昆虫外激素研究的无分流进样及弹性毛细柱气相色谱分离几何异构体方法初探

报导用无分流进样及毛细柱气相色谱分离昆虫外激素组分中几何异构体的初步结果。用合成的马尾松毛虫雌性引诱外激素三个组分顺 5,反 7-十二碳二烯醇 (Z - 5,E - 7-DDOL) ;顺 5,反 7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯 (Z - 5,E - 7-DDA) ;顺 5,反 7-十二碳二烯丙酸酯 (Z -5,E - 7-DDP)及它们的几何异构体作为标准化合物来探索分离进样方法。用非极性的OV -1 0 1熔融硅弹性毛细柱可分离这三个组分的顺反与顺顺、反反异构体。用极性PEG - 2 0M弹性毛细柱又可将顺反及反顺异构体分离。     

冲击电流计与灵敏电流计的特性分析与测定

用解析方法分析了测量微弱脉冲电量与微弱电流（分别达１０－６～１０－９Ｃ和１０－６～１０－１２Ａ）的冲击电流计与灵敏电流计的工作状态，给出了运动特性曲线，揭示了状态参量的物理本质．计算与测定了临界冲击常数ｋｂ与无阻尼状态下冲击常数ｋａ之间的关系．     

Identification of sex pheromones of four economically important species in genusDendrolimus

The female-produced sex pheromone of Dendrolimus superans was identified by gas chromatography (GC), coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electroantennographic (EAG) studies and field tests as a blend of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal (Z5,E7-12:Ald) and (Z,E)-5,7-dodeca- dien-1-ol (Z5,E7-12:OH). In D. kikuchii, (Z,E)-5,7-dodeca- dien-1-yl acetate (Z5,E7-12:OAc) and Z5,E7-12:OH were found by GC and GC-MS analyses. However, in EAG studies male antennae were more sensitive to Z5,E7-12:OAc and (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadien-1-yl propionate (Z5,E7-12:OPr) than Z5,E7-12:OH. For D. spectabilis, Z5,E7-12:OH had been previously reported as the sex pheromone. However, in our studies, traps baited with Z5,E7-12:OH, Z5,E7-12:OAc and Z5,E7-12:OPr in a ratio of 1:1:1 caught three times more males than those baited with Z5,E7-12:OH alone. Relatively strong EAG responses were elicited from male antennae by Z5,E7-12:OH, Z5,E7-12:OAc and Z5,E7-12:OPr, but in addition to Z5,E7-12:OH, only very small amounts of Z5,E7- 12:OAc was found in the pheromone gland. These facts suggest that Z5,E7-12:OAc is a pheromone minor components and Z5,E7-12:OPr is a sex attractant in D. spectabilis. For D. tabulaeformis, Z5,E7-12:OH, Z5,E7-12:OAc and Z5,E7-12: OPr were found in extracts of pheromone glands of female moths, and the three compounds elicited strong EAG responses from antennae of male moths. These three compounds have been reported as a sex attractant of D. tabulaeformis, and our data confirm their roles as components of the sex pheromone of this species. The role of blend components in antagonizing cross attraction between congeners is discussed.     

An analysis of structure fitting and bioactivity between sex pheromone of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and its fluorinated analogs

A study on the structure-activty relationship between （Z）-hexadec-9-enal （Z-9-16：Ald） and its analog was conducted by comparing the structures of the sex pheromone of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Huebner） with its fluorinated analog using computer molecular fitting. It is demonstrated that the structure of analog substituting for hydrogen atom on the terminal carbon atom is similar to Z-9-16：Ald. The EAG result showed that there is no significant difference in activities between Z-9-16：Ald and its fluorinated analog synthesized.     

EAG and behavioral responses of Helicoverpa armigera males to volatiles from poplar leaves and their combinations with sex pheromone

Electroantennogram (EAG) evaluation of selected compounds from wilted leaves of black poplar, Populus nigra, showed that phenyl acetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, (E)-2-hexenal elicited strong responses from male antennae of Helicoverpa armigera. When mixed with sex pheromone (Ph), some volatiles, e.g. phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol, methylsalicylate, linalool, benzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenylacetate, (Z)-6-nonenol, cineole, (E)-2-hexenal, and geraniol elicited stronger responses from male antennae than Ph alone. Wind tunnel bioassay demonstrated that various volatiles could either enhance or inhibit the effect of synthetic sex pheromone. (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol and linalool in combination with Ph could not induce any male to land on source at all, whereas phenyl acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, (Z)-6-nonenol and salicylaldehyde combined with Ph enhanced male response rates by 58.63%, 50.33%, 51.85% and 127.78%, respectively, compared to Ph alone. These results suggested that some volatiles shouldmodify sex pheromone caused behavior and that some of them could possibly be used as a tool for disrupting mating or for enhancing the effect of synthetic sex pheromone in the field.     

Purkinje neuron synchrony elicits time-locked spiking in the cerebellar nuclei

An unusual feature of the cerebellar cortex is that its output neurons, Purkinje cells, release GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). Their high intrinsic firing rates (50?Hz) and extensive convergence predict that their target neurons in the cerebellar nuclei would be largely inhibited unless Purkinje cells pause their spiking, yet Purkinje and nuclear neuron firing rates do not always vary inversely. One indication of how these synapses transmit information is that populations of Purkinje neurons synchronize their spikes during cerebellar behaviours. If nuclear neurons respond to Purkinje synchrony, they may encode signals from subsets of inhibitory inputs. Here we show in weanling and adult mice that nuclear neurons transmit the timing of synchronous Purkinje afferent spikes, owing to modest Purkinje-to-nuclear convergence ratios (～40:1), fast inhibitory postsynaptic current kinetics (τ(decay) = 2.5?ms) and high intrinsic firing rates (～90?Hz). In vitro, dynamically clamped asynchronous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials mimicking Purkinje afferents suppress nuclear cell spiking, whereas synchronous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials entrain nuclear cell spiking. With partial synchrony, nuclear neurons time-lock their spikes to the synchronous subpopulation of inputs, even when only 2 out of 40 afferents synchronize. In vivo, nuclear neurons reliably phase-lock to regular trains of molecular layer stimulation. Thus, cerebellar nuclear neurons can preferentially relay the spike timing of synchronized Purkinje cells to downstream premotor areas.     

神经元簇状放电锋电位数的研究

利用水蛭心脏细胞的神经元膜电位的动力学方程,讨论外界刺激电流对簇状放电中锋电位数目的影响,发现外界刺激电流和非失活钾离子通道激活电位具有相同的作用,神经元的活动状态随着外界刺激电流的变化,可以在簇状放电、持续放电和无放电三种状态之间转换.神经元簇状放电时,刺激电流导致神经元膜电位的去极化程度越高,在一次簇状放电过程中产生的锋电位数也越多.     

应用高序铜的共轭加成反应选择性合成白腿牛羚信息素

利用Normant反应制备含高(Z)式纯度烯烃的高序铜试剂,在TMSCL催化下对α,β—不饱和羰基化合物进行共轭加成反应,将所得烯醇硅醚经温和水解即得脯乳动物白腿牛羚信息素(Z)—5—十一烯—2—酮。     

西部松小蠹集合信息素（±）—exo—Brevicomin的合成

以叶醇为起始原料，经关键中间体6-壬烯-2-酮，合成了西部松小蠹集合信息素（±）-exo-Brevicomin(7-乙基-5-甲基-6，8-二氧双环［3.2.1］辛烷)，总产率41%.文中所合成化合物的结构经IR，MS，1HNMR和13CNMR证实.     

An essential role for a CD36-related receptor in pheromone detection in Drosophila

The CD36 family of transmembrane receptors is present across metazoans and has been implicated biochemically in lipid binding and transport. Several CD36 proteins function in the immune system as scavenger receptors for bacterial pathogens and seem to act as cofactors for Toll-like receptors by facilitating recognition of bacterially derived lipids. Here we show that a Drosophila melanogaster CD36 homologue, Sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP), is expressed in a population of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) implicated in pheromone detection. SNMP is essential for the electrophysiological responses of OSNs expressing the receptor OR67d to (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate (cis-vaccenyl acetate, cVA), a volatile male-specific fatty-acid-derived pheromone that regulates sexual and social aggregation behaviours. SNMP is also required for the activation of the moth pheromone receptor HR13 by its lipid-derived pheromone ligand (Z)-11-hexadecenal, but is dispensable for the responses of the conventional odorant receptor OR22a to its short hydrocarbon fruit ester ligands. Finally, we show that SNMP is required for responses of OR67d to cVA when ectopically expressed in OSNs not normally activated by pheromones. Because mammalian CD36 binds fatty acids, we suggest that SNMP acts in concert with odorant receptors to capture pheromone molecules on the surface of olfactory dendrites. Our work identifies an unanticipated cofactor for odorant receptors that is likely to have a widespread role in insect pheromone detection. Moreover, these results define a unifying model for CD36 function, coupling recognition of lipid-based extracellular ligands to signalling receptors in both pheromonal communication and pathogen recognition through the innate immune system.     

复合固体酸ZrO_2-SnO_2-Fe_2O_3/SO_4~(2-)的制备

用化学共沉淀法并用乙二醇作分散剂制备复合氧化物基 Zr O2 -Sn O2 -Fe2 O3/ SO4 2 -固体超强酸。并对影响酸强度的各种因素进行了考察。确定了三种元素的最佳配比、硫酸的最佳浓度、浸泡时间、烧结温度及最佳烧结时间等。并对其在乙酸与乙醇的酯化反应中的催化作用进行了部分考察。表明其具有一定的催化活性。     

Integrate-and-Fire模型下逆高斯分布输入的两种扩散近似

给出了更新过程的两种扩散逼近.讨论了逆高斯输入下IF模型的输出,包括发放率、变差系数.通过模拟知道两种扩散逼近能够很好地近似逆高斯输入,随着发放率的增大,发放波动较小,模型趋于稳定发放.