冷却过程中硼的晶界非平衡偏聚实验观察

用硼径迹照相法和透射电镜观察了冷却过程中硼的晶界非平衡偏聚形成过程.实验发现,以2 ℃/s冷速从1150 ℃冷却到640 ℃的过程中,硼在晶界上的非平衡偏聚可以分成扩散行为不同的3个阶段.实验测定了晶界富集因子、富集带宽度、贫硼区宽度和贫化因子等偏聚特征,并对有关现象进行了初步讨论.     

硼在奥氏体晶界的两种偏聚形式

用PTA方法研究了Fe-30％Ni合金中硼在晶界的偏聚行为。实验表明在550-1200℃保温后用不同方式冷却的试样中存在平衡与非平衡两类硼偏聚,它们各自的形成机制不同,试验条件对它们的影响不同。平衡偏聚在保温时形成,在低温区淬火时起主要作用。在高温加热后,用通常冷却速度淬火时,晶界偏聚主要来源于冷却过程中产生的非平衡偏聚,实际瘁火试样中观察到的硼偏聚是这两类偏聚的叠加。试验指出,Fe-30％Ni合金中偏聚方式有一个转折温度区,这温度受冷却速度影响,在通常冷却速度下,这个转折温度在650～750℃之间。     

硼在奥氏体晶界的非平衡偏聚

作者应用径迹显微照相技术(PTA)研究了硼在奥氏体晶界的非平衡偏聚。实验结果表明,含硼10ppm的Fe-30wt%Ni奥氏体合金,在1050℃以上,不产生硼的平衡晶界偏聚和硼化物析出;但当该合金试样从1050℃以上温度水冷和空冷时,产生硼的非平衡晶界偏聚。这种偏聚是在试样的冷却过程中产生的,其特点是,在一定的冷却速度下,冷却开始温度越高,偏聚量越大;而在一定的冷却开始温度下,试样的冷却速度越小,偏聚量越大。     

金属间化合物Ni3Al中的硼晶界偏聚特性的AES研究

本文应用俄歇能谱仪研究了不同化学计量比ＮｉＡｌ金属间化合物硼在晶界偏聚的特性。研究结果表明：硼在Ｎｉ３Ａｌ的各个晶界偏聚存在着不均匀性，硼在晶界的偏聚范围只有几个原子层，晶界结构及晶界化学环境是影响在晶界偏聚的决定因素。     

硼向奥氏体晶界的非平衡偏聚

采用高分辨率的径迹显微照相技术,研究了淬火硼钢中硼向奥氏体晶界偏聚的规律,定量地测定出跨过奥氏体晶界的硼的成分剖面图以及非平衡晶界偏聚的特征参量(晶界贫硼区宽度、晶界富集程度和富集带宽度)。试验表明,这种偏聚具有如下特征: 在偏聚晶界的二侧存在有一定宽度的贫硼区,晶界偏聚的硼,是在冷却过程中由该区富集而来;这种偏聚对冷却速度很敏感,急速冷却可加以抑制,随冷却速度降低,晶界偏聚由连续的偏聚带,逐步发展为不连续的聚集直至明显的硼相析出,贫硼区宽度与冷却速度的平方根成反比;它的温度关系与平衡晶界偏聚的予吉相反,随淬火温度升高,晶界偏聚程度与贫硼区宽度增加。 试验论证了,淬火硼钢中硼向奥氏体晶界的偏聚,与平衡晶界偏聚有明显区别,它是在冷却过程中发生的一种非平衡的晶界偏聚。     

硼分布对Ni_3Al晶界的影响

用径迹显微照相技术(PTA)和TEM研究了含0.065wt％B的Ni_3Al合金中的硼分布对其晶界的影响。研究表明,当该合金于700、850、1000℃保温并空冷时,存在硼的晶界偏聚,且偏聚量随着保温温度的升高而减少,保温温度为1000℃时,偏聚量很少;保温温度为700℃或850℃时,偏聚量较大。硼晶界偏聚对该合金晶界内聚力的提高起着关键作用,硼的偏聚量较大时,合金呈完全穿晶断裂;硼的偏聚量较少时,合金呈完全沿晶断裂。     

硼对Al-2.5wt％Cu合金腐蚀抗力的影响

借助于TEM和PTA研究了硼对Al-2.5wt％Cu合金腐蚀抗力的影响。结果表明,当该合金含有0.002wt％,0.004wt％和0.006wt％硼时,合金的腐蚀抗力大大增加。硼增加腐蚀抗力的机制是,硼的加入阻止了合金晶界上第二相颗粒的预先沉淀析出,而硼原子向晶界偏聚则是腐蚀抗力增加的重要原因。     

溶质原子晶界偏聚研究

本文综述作者近几年来关于溶质原子非平衡晶界偏聚热力学、动力学以及晶界平衡偏聚与非平衡偏聚之间关系的理论、实验研究工作。这些研究工作内容丰富,已达世界水平。它们为改善现有材料的力学性能以及发现新材料提供了理论依据。     

预形变量对再结晶晶界反常硼偏聚的影响

用二次压缩方法测定了含硼面心Ｆｅ－３０％Ｎｉ合金１０００℃热变形１０％和４０％后保温时的软化率曲线，并由此估计了再结晶过程。用径迹照相方法（ＰＴＡ）研究了再结晶过程中运动晶界反常偏聚规律以及形变量对反常硼偏聚的影响。用定量统计方法测量了不同形变量下，运动晶界的硼偏聚量。结果表明，新晶粒长大过程中，晶界反常偏聚量与形变量、晶界运动速度等因素有关，并用半定量的方法估算了不同形变量下，再结晶新晶粒长大过     

一种确定空位—溶质原子复合体扩散系数的方法

本文提出了一种通过测定非平衡晶界偏聚临界时间确定空位-溶质原子复合体扩散系数的方法。按照这种方法,测出含硼Fe-30wt％Ni合金中空位-硼原子复合体的扩散系数D_v=1×10~(-5)exp(-0.94/KT)。与此同时,也确定出扩散距离公式X=2δ~(1/2)(Dt)~(1/2)中的扩散常数δ,对于上面提到的合金,其空位-硼原子复合体和硼原子的扩散常数δ=0.48。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.