考虑筋土界面软化的三明治形加筋土挡墙地震响应分析

三明治形加筋土挡墙作为一种新型的加筋土结构具有黏土的廉价、取材较方便、砂土界面剪切强度较高等优点。基于室内大型直剪仪研究了地震荷载作用下砂土与格栅界面的动力特性,通过回归分析得到了加筋土挡墙中筋土界面剪切刚度在动荷载作用下呈现剪切软化的变化规律经验公式;然后编制fish语言将该公式导入FLAC_^3D软件中,建立了考虑筋土界面剪切刚度变化规律的三维计算模型。文中分析了加筋土挡墙的各种设计参数(挡墙的高度、筋材的长度、筋材的弹性模量、筋材的间距、面板的类型)对三明治形加筋土挡墙动力特性的影响。结果表明：加筋土挡墙的高度越高,面板的侧向位移越大;当峰值加速度为0.2g时,潜在破裂面交于墙顶接近0.36H,峰值加速度为0.4g时,潜在破裂面交于墙顶接近0.47H;筋材弹性模量的增大和筋材间距的减小能够增加挡墙的抗变形能力,且随着筋材长度的增加,面板最大水平位移逐渐减小;在两种峰值加速度下,模块式面板加筋土挡墙容易发生局部面板鼓胀破坏,而整体式面板加筋土挡墙容易发生整体倾倒破坏。     

圬工与加筋土组合式挡墙离心模型试验

以湖北十房(十堰至房县)高速公路某处圬工与加筋土组合式挡墙为研究对象,通过土工离心模型试验技术,研究圬工与加筋土组合式挡墙的变形特性及内部土压力分布,并探讨强筋与弱筋(筋材模量)、长筋与短筋(加筋长度)以及密筋与疏筋(层间距)等参数对组合式挡墙的影响.研究发现:圬工挡墙与加筋土挡墙存在明显的相互影响,上部挡墙荷载使圬工挡墙发生内倾,这一内倾使加筋土挡墙上部水平位移进一步增大,并造成墙体底部土压力分布更不均匀;增大土工格栅模量、增加加筋长度、减小加筋间距,更有利于控制加筋土挡墙的变形;加筋土挡墙内部土压力和墙后水平土压力总体上小于理论值,且受挡墙加筋参数的影响;组合挡土结构的墙顶沉降主要发生在施工期,应加强施工质量控制,保证填土的密实度.     

考虑蠕变效应的软土地基加筋土挡墙变形

为探讨加筋土挡墙结构与软土地基共同作用下的长期性能,通过室内蠕变试验研究了土工格栅和软土的蠕变特性,并结合试验所得的蠕变参数建立了考虑蠕变效应的本构模型,在此基础上采用有限元法对一座软土地基上的土工格栅加筋土挡墙实例工程的工作特性进行了分析,研究了考虑加筋材料蠕变的加筋土挡墙长期变形特性.结果表明:文中所建立的数值模型可以较好地模拟软土地基上加筋土挡墙的长期蠕变力学行为;加筋土挡墙侧向位移随时间延长而逐渐增大,侧向位移沿挡土墙墙高分布呈现中部变形大、两端变形小的特征;最大侧向位移的位置随时间而沿墙高上升;受地基变形的影响,各加筋层的最大拉力和最大应变发生位置与目前土工合成材料加筋土挡墙设计理论认为的朗肯破坏面位置不同.文中还通过数值分析得到了不同时间下土工格栅拉力与应变沿墙高的分布规律,为软土地基上加筋土挡墙的设计提供了参考.     

条形荷载下三明治形加筋土挡墙模型试验

为研究一种新型挡墙结构—三明治形加筋土挡墙的受力变形特性,本文采用室内模型试验对比分析了条形荷载作用下三明治形加筋土挡墙与砂土加筋土挡墙的面板水平位移、挡墙沉降、水平土压力、竖向土压力的规律。结果表明：三明治形加筋土挡墙与砂土加筋土挡墙的变形与受力规律相似且差值不大;三明治形加筋土挡墙面板后水平土压力沿着挡墙高度的增加逐渐减小;填筑阶段时,三明治形加筋土挡墙筋材处的竖向土压力沿水平方向呈非线性分布,最大值发生在筋材中后部;加载阶段时,随着距面板的距离增大,筋材处竖向土压力先增大后减小。三明治形加筋土挡墙与砂土加筋土挡墙的变形与受力规律相似,两者性能较为接近。由于三明治形加筋土挡墙的成本较低,在实际工程中是一种较好的替代结构。     

考虑土工格栅蠕变的加筋路堤变形分析

为了明确土工加筋材料蠕变对结构物变形的影响规律,基于有限差分数值分析方法,对不同工况条件下由土工格栅蠕变所造成的路堤加筋结构的变形进行分析。从加筋材料蠕变对路基顶面沉降、路基侧向位移以及土工格栅应变的影响等3个方面进行对比分析。结果表明:在不同工况条件下,土工格栅蠕变对加筋路堤结构物变形的影响显著;路基顶面沉降量、路基侧向位移和加筋材料蠕变应变与路基高度呈正比例关系,与边坡坡率、筋材弹性模量呈反比例关系。     

加筋层数对土工格栅加筋粘土土体变形及强度的影响

对土工格栅加筋粘土进行了固结不排水三轴压缩试验以研究加筋粘土的力学特性。试样含水率22．5％,布置的筋材层数分别为0—4层,围压分别为100、200、300kPa。试验结果表明,在粘土中加入土工格栅,可以有效约束试样的侧向变形,提高粘土的峰值强度,提高抗剪强度指标c、ψ值。试验结果同时反映出并不是筋材布置层数越多力学效果就越好,布置2层筋材的试样优于布置3或4层筋材的试样。     

柔性网面土工格栅加筋土挡墙工程特性

为研究柔性网面土工格栅加筋土挡墙的工程特性,分析其工作机理,进行室内试验.试验测试墙背侧向土压力、垂直土压力、筋带变形以及面墙变形情况,研究挡墙侧向土压力和垂直土压力分布、筋带应变分布、挡墙潜在破裂面以及面墙变形规律等.研究结果表明:侧向土压力沿墙高呈非线性分布,每层的侧向土压力随施加荷载增大而呈线性增大,但其增大速率远小于理论值增大速率;增大加卸载循环次数也会使得残余侧向土压力增大;垂直土压力沿筋材长度方向呈均匀分布,挡墙第1层的垂直土压力略小于理论值;施加荷载会使得拉筋应变分布发生变化,筋带在试验荷载作用下可以满足强度要求;由广义库仑法得到的潜在破裂面与筋材最大应变位置较吻合;面墙最大侧向变形发生在第3层和第4层,面墙中间位置有鼓出现象.     

HDPE土工格栅加筋土结构的筋材长期强度研究

土工格栅筋材长期强度是加筋土结构设计中的重要参数,其受土工格栅在施工及其使用过程中的施工损伤、蠕变和生物化学侵蚀等因素的影响.为了确定高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)土工格栅筋材在加筋土结构使用过程中的长期强度,进行了相关室内外试验研究,分析了土工格栅在土体介质和空气介质中的拉伸强度及拉伸速率对其强度特性的影响,计算了5种不同级配填料介质中土工格栅施工损伤折减系数,确定了典型土工格栅的蠕变试验方法及蠕变折减系数,探讨了土工格栅的老化折减系数.     

土工格栅加筋陡坡路堤的力学行为分析

为了给类似土工格栅加筋路堤的设计和施工提供参考依据,本文以S101线沙湾段公路加筋陡坡路堤工程为例,借助Midas GTS NX有限元软件实现土工格栅加筋陡坡路堤的建模,对其潜在滑裂面、水平位移和筋材受力进行力学行为分析,并结合现场监测数据分析路堤边坡的稳定性。结果表明:土工格栅加筋结构可以使路堤的潜在滑裂面变缓且向内部移动,有限元法较极限平衡法得出的路堤滑裂面位置更准确;土工格栅加筋可以有效限制路堤的水平位移,增强路堤的稳定性;路堤中部和下部区域成为筋材主要受力区,建议在设计中应优先采用上疏下密的布筋方式,且在采用等间距布筋时中部和下部应选用较高强度的土工格栅;筋材受力最大值为23 k N,与极限值相差较大,说明现行规范采用的折减系数较为保守。     

筋材布设方式对加筋土挡墙动力响应的影响

针对目前加筋土挡墙设计和施工中筋材布设方式大多为等长形的问题,提出一种倒梯形的筋材布设方式,并基于挡墙位移分区理论和有限差分Flac^3D数值模拟,建立加筋土挡墙三维分析模型,探讨不同峰值加速度下3种加筋土挡墙对位移、水平土压力、筋材拉应力及潜在破裂面的影响。结果表明,随峰值加速度增大,挡墙位移逐渐增大,同一荷载作用下,改变筋材布设方式,侧向水平位移减少9.3%,竖向沉降减少5.3%;3种形式挡墙水平土压力相差不大,最大水平土压力分布在挡墙的中下部;筋材拉应力随峰值加速度的增大,沿墙高从单峰型转化为双峰型分布,最大值位于挡墙中下部;潜在破裂面填土区破裂带的形状与筋材的布设方式有关。所提出的倒梯形筋材布设方式对加筋土挡墙的抗震效果更好,可为施工设计中加筋土挡墙筋材布设提供参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.