上海城市燃气输配管网失效模糊故障树分析法

采用故障树法,对引起上海城市燃气输配管网失效的各个因素进行系统分析,建立上海城市燃气输配管网失效故障树.通过该故障树的定性分析,可得引起管网失效的27个最小割集;通过定量分析,则可以计算其顶事件的发生概率及进行底事件的重要度分析.采用专家调查和模糊集理论相结合的方法,评估故障树底事件发生概率的模糊性,并以上海城市燃气输配管网故障树系统中的“杂质堵塞”这一底事件为例,计算出其模糊失效率为0.0048.     

埋地输气管道腐蚀故障树模糊分析

腐蚀是引起埋地输气管道泄漏和破裂的主要因素。对引起埋地输气管道腐蚀失效的各个因素进行系统分析,建立以埋地输气管道腐蚀失效为顶事件的埋地输气管道腐蚀失效故障树,结合管道腐蚀破坏机理和故障树模糊分析原理,分析导致管道腐蚀产生的因素,得到模糊故障树的各阶最小割集和引起埋地输气管道发生腐蚀失效的主要因素。通过算例分析表明该方法具有较大的灵活性和适应性,更加符合工程实际,是对传统故障树分析方法的进一步完善。     

埋地输气管道腐蚀故障树模糊分析

腐蚀是引起埋地输气管道泄漏和破裂的主要因素。对引起埋地输气管道腐蚀失效的各个因素进行系统分析,建立以埋地输气管道腐蚀失效为顶事件的埋地输气管道腐蚀失效故障树,结合管道腐蚀破坏机理和故障树模糊分析原理,分析导致管道腐蚀产生的因素,得到模糊故障树的各阶最小割集和引起埋地输气管道发生腐蚀失效的主要因素。通过算例分析表明该方法具有较大的灵活性和适应性,更加符合工程实际,是对传统故障树分析方法的进一步完善。     

建筑供应链风险模糊故障树评估

为科学地对建筑供应链的风险进行评估,采用故障树分析方法,对引起建筑供应链失效的各风险因素进行分析,建立了建筑供应链失效的故障树.在对故障树进行定性分析的基础上,找出了建筑供应链失效的主要模式.采用信心指数法,将专家数据修正为三角模糊数,运用模糊集理论和故障树相结合,计算了底事件发生概率及各事件的模糊概率重要度.通过分析模糊概率重要度指标,得出了建筑供应链在实施前应首先规避的风险.结果表明:为建筑供应链的风险评估提供了可靠手段.     

基于梯形模糊数的长输管道故障树分析

针对长输管道底事件和中间事件发生概率情况获取不足的现状,将模糊集合论引入故障树分析法中,将事件发生概率描述为模糊数和模糊可能性,提出一种基于梯形模糊数算术运算的长输管道故障树分析方法,阐述将各种模糊数转换成梯形模糊数的途径.通过对长输管道进行模糊故障树分析,得到顶事件发生概率.用模糊重要度法对故障树基本事件进行排序.结果表明:为提高系统可靠性,应主要改善自然灾害及其他外力.     

引信故障树底事件失效概率的计算方法

故障树底事件失效概率的确定是故障树定量分析的一个关键,该文的目的是建立底事件失效概率的计算方法,主要论述了根据产品的结构特点和试验结果,通过专家评议和数理统计方法计算故障树底事件失效概率的思想和方法。这种方法在实际应用中得到了满意的效果。     

基于三角模糊数的长输管线故障树分析

利用模糊故障树分析法对长输管线系统进行分析,建立了长输管线系统失效故障树.由于缺乏足够的现场数据及实验数据,因此采用三角模糊数表示事件发生的概率,将模糊重要度分析的新方法-中值法引入长输管线系统的故障树分析中来,给出了计算方法及步骤,并用模糊重要度法对故障树基本事件进行排序.从而可以看出,为提高系统可靠性,应主要改善第三方破坏及管道初始和施工缺陷等几个因素.     

重整加热炉模糊故障树分析研究

应用模糊故障树分析方法研究了连续催化重整装置中三合一组合式加热炉的可靠性.以重整加热炉工艺失常为顶事件,建立故障树,采用上行法定性分析找出该故障树的31个最小割集.引入模糊集理论中的模糊数概念,采用尖型L-R模糊数描述故障树中各底事件的发生概率.按照模糊逻辑门的运算法则定量计算故障树各中间事件及顶事件的发生概率区间.在各中间事件中,炉管故障的发生概率最高,且辐射室炉管故障明显高于对流室,从而确定出辐射室炉管为加热炉的薄弱环节.研究结果表明:对于很难或无法获得底事件发生概率准确值的石油化工设备而言,模糊故障树是一种有效实用的可靠性分析方法,与传统的故障树方法相比,计算得出的结果更加科学合理,更接近工程实际.     

城区埋地燃气管道失效后果严重度的模糊综合评价

简要介绍埋地燃气管道的模糊综合评价方法,阐述了埋地燃气管道风险影响因素的模糊评价集及风险影响因素权重的具体确定方法.针对某市某段埋地煤气管道,进行管道失效后果因素的模糊评判,得到该管道失效后果因素的风险值.对比分析了模糊综合评判结果与API581失效后果定性分析结果,确证了管道失效后果模糊综合评价的可行性.     

基于模糊集合理论的液压缸故障树分析方法研究

文章针对汽车起重机液压缸故障,建立了一个比较完整的故障树;针对液压缸故障树分析时存在底事件故障概率获取不足的特点,将模糊集合理论和专家判断法引入故障树分析法(fault tree analysis,FTA)中,使故障树具有处理模糊信息的能力;在对故障树进行传统定性分析的基础上,将底事件发生概率的可靠性数据与通过模糊计算获得的模糊概率相结合进行故障树定量分析。结合某型号汽车起重机实例数据进行分析,估计出了故障树子树顶事件的模糊故障概率及其各底事件的重要度。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.