刺激大鼠杏仁外侧核对听皮层神经元调频声反应的影响

采用在体细胞外单细胞记录方法,研究电刺激杏仁外侧核对调频声所诱发的听皮层神经元反应的影响.实验在34只乌拉坦麻醉的SD大鼠上进行,在皮层41区记录了113个对调频声有反应的细胞电活动.观察发现,这些神经元对调频声刺激的反应可分为ON反应,OFF反应,ON-OFF反应,持续性反应和给声抑制反应几种类型.在观察对其中42个神经元的声反应时给予了杏仁外侧核电刺激,其中22%的神经元反应被易化,48%的神经元反应受到了抑制,另外30%神经元的声反应未受杏仁外侧核刺激的影响.这些影响进一步表明,杏仁复合体可在皮层水平参与听觉上传信息的处理,包括听觉信息的加工与整合.同时也表明杏仁核在上传听觉信息的筛选中可能具有重要的作用.     

调频声频率变化率对大鼠听皮层神经元声反应的影响

采用在体细胞外单细胞记录方法,研究调频声频率变化率及时程对调频声所诱发的听皮层神经元反应的影响.实验在34只乌拉坦麻醉的SD大鼠上进行,在皮层41区记录了113个对调频声有反应的细胞电活动.观察发现,调频声刺激的时程和频率变化率发生改变,可对诱发的听皮层神经元反应的反应型式和放电频数产生影响.这种影响表明,听皮层在复杂声上传信息的处理过程中可能存在复杂的编码机制.     

大脑前额叶扣带回皮层调制丘脑触觉信息的途径研究

大脑前额叶扣带回皮层是一个与感觉功能密切相关的脑区,它能够对丘脑触觉反应进行调制.实验在10只戊巴比妥钠（1%）麻醉的SD雄性大鼠上进行,采用辣根过氧化物酶（horseradish peroxidase,HRP）逆行标记的方法,对扣带皮层前部调制丘脑腹侧基底核（ventrobasal,VB）感觉信息的途径进行了研究.实验结果显示,VB核可以接受扣带皮层后部的投射,而且扣带皮层前部有纤维投射到扣带皮层后部.由此提示了前扣带皮层对丘脑腹侧基底核神经元触觉信息调制的可能神经环路是：扣带皮层前部-扣带皮层后部-丘脑腹侧基底核.     

GABA能回路在听皮层神经元频率调谐中的作用

为了解神经抑制在听中枢神经元频率调谐过程中的作用,本研究采用多管玻璃微电极胞外记录单单位反应的方法观察了去r-氨基丁酸能抑制后大棕蝠(Eptesicusfuscus)听皮层神经元频率调谐特性的变化,结果显示:(1)97.9%的神经元频率调谐曲线扩宽,Qn值下降(p<0.0001);(2)绝大部分神经元的最小阈值下降(p<0.0001);(3)兴奋性调谐曲线面积增加(p<0.0001).该结果提供了GABA能回路参与蝙蝠听皮层神经元频率调谐的直接证据.     

刺激扣带皮层前部对大鼠初级体感皮层神经元诱发放电活动的影响

用细胞外记录单位放电的方法观察了刺激大鼠扣带皮层前部(ACC)对初级体感皮层(Sm．Ⅰ)接受触压觉传入神经元诱发放电的影响，神经元的鉴别方法是外周神经碰撞试验和自然触压觉刺激验证，在所鉴别的45个神经元中，14个神经元的诱发放电受到了易化性影响，9个神经元的诱发放电受到了抑制性影响，扣带皮层前部影响的潜伏期为6～25ms，作用时程为50～150ms，上述结果提示，扣带皮层前部在皮层触压觉信息的整合中具有一定作用。     

大鼠杏仁体基底核对视皮层17区神经元电活动的抑制

实验在５５只Ｕｒｅｔｈａｎｅ麻醉的雄性Ｓ磊鼠上进行。采用电生理的胞外记录法,观察了电刺激杏杜体对视皮层１７区单个神经元的光反应及自发放电活动的影响。当刺激杏仁体基底核时,１２３个对闪光起反应的神经元中,有５７个单位的光反应受到了抑制（占４６．３％）。这种帽性影响的潜伏期多为５－５０ｍｓ（３３个单位）,抑制的有效时程为５－２０ｍｓ。本文对这种抑制性影响的可能途径和生物学意义进行了讨论。     

幼年菊头蝠下丘神经元的听反应特性

运用微电极记录方法，考察了幼年（4周龄）和成年鲁氏菊头幅（Rhinolophusrouxi）下丘神经元的听反应特性。共观察了301个神经元，其中幼年蝙蝠148个，成年蝙蝠153个。结果表明，4周龄的幼年蝙蝠，其下丘神经元的听反应型式可分为三类，主要表现为时相性反应（占97.68％）。神经元的最佳频率分布范围为100～81.2kHz，多数集中在30～40kHz。所反应的潜伏期在7～20ms之间，平均为12．31±3.13ms。听反应的最低阈值为-39．0～77．4dB，平均为41．41±25．69dB。神经元的调谐曲线既有宽阔型，也有狭窄型，还有部分神经元的调谐曲线具有多个敏感峰。幼年蝙蝠下丘听神经元的这些特性均与成年蝙蝠形成显著差异。结果提示，鲁氏菊头蝠中枢神经系统听觉功能出生后有一个发育过程。     

鼠耳蝠下丘听神经元对超声刺激的反应特性

实验在５只鼠耳蜗上进行，共观察了２２７个对超声刺激发生反应的下丘听神经元。这些神经元听反应的最佳频率在１４．３－７６．２ｋＨｚ之间；潜伏期在３．０－１２．０毫秒之间，多数神经元（７９．３％）为５．０－７．０毫秒；最低阈值位于－２０．０－７０．０ｄＢ ＳＰＬ之间；多数神经元（８２．０５％）的调谐曲线为宽阔型，少数（１７．９５％）为狭窄型；反应最佳频率沿下丘背腹轴呈明显有序地排列。     

大鼠皮层AⅠ区神经元对纯音频率的反应特征

使用微电极在体胞外记录方法研究了SD大鼠AⅠ区神经元对纯音频率的反应特征.实验结果显示,AⅠ区神经元调谐曲线分为“V”、“W”和“U”型,神经元的Q10和Q30值均随着神经元特征频率（CF）的增大而增加,不同CF神经元在AⅠ区具有分域特性,对高频敏感的神经元位于AⅠ区嘴侧,对低频敏感的神经元位于AⅠ区尾侧.结果还表明,随着AⅠ区神经元CF变大,神经元对特定的频率选择性能越强,频率响应范围变窄.CF的分域特性明显,反映了大鼠初级听皮层对声音频率信息编码遵循有规律的部位原则.     

大鼠听泡解剖结构及耳后进路手术标志的观察

制作成年Wistar大鼠颅骨标本,观察听泡大体形态及位置;打开听泡,观察内耳主要结构.进一步在活体上选择耳后手术径路,观察大鼠听泡位置,了解耳后内耳进路的手术标志.结果发现,大鼠听泡体积较大,听骨及内耳结构主要集中于听泡前;在活体上取其耳后切口,寻找茎突样结构,经听泡后壁可顺利进入听泡,不会损伤重要结构,可清楚地观察到内耳主要结构以及蜗神经、内耳门等相连结构,为内耳的耳后进路注射以及内耳门进路蜗神经核注射提供了相关的实验基础.     

Topography of acoustic response characteristics in the auditory cortex of the Kunming mouse

Topography of acoustic response characteristics in the auditory cortex (AC) of the Kunming (KM) mouse has been examined by using microelectrode recording techniques. Based on best-frequency (BF) maps, both the primary auditory field (AI) and the anterior auditory field (AAF) are tonotopically organized with a counter running frequency gradient. Within an isofrequency stripe, the width of the frequency-threshold curves of single neurons increases, and minimum threshold (MT) decreases towards more ventral locations. BFs in AI and AAF range from 4 to 38 kHz. Auditory neurons with BFs above 40 kHz are located at the rostrodorsal part of the AC. The findings suggest that the KM mouse is a good model suitable for auditory research.     

Corticofugal modulation of frequency tuning of inferior collicular neurons in big brown bat,Eptesicus fuscus

In order to explore the possible mechanism of corticofugal modulation of excitatory frequency tuning curves (EFTCs) of midbrain neurons, we examined the change of sharpness, frequency-intensity response area, minimum threshold of both EFTCs and inhibitory frequency tuning curves (IFTCs) of inferior collicular neurons during corticofugal modulation using two-tone inhibition paradigm and micro-electrical stimulation technique. Our data showed that corticofugal inhibition increased sharpness, minimum threshold, and decreased the frequency-intensity response area of EFTCs, at the same time it decreased the sharpness, minimum threshold but increased the frequency-intensity response area of IFTCs. The opposite results were observed for EFTCs and IFTCs of corticofugally facilitated inferior collicular neurons. During corticofugal inhibition, the percent change of frequency-intensity response area of EFTCs had significant correlation with the percent change of that of IFTCs. These data suggest that cortical neurons are likely to improve frequency information processing of inferior collicular neurons by modulation of IFTCs.     

Binaurality and azimuth tuning of neurons in the auditory cortex of the big brown bat

By using a combined closed and free-field stimulation system, binaurality and azimuth tuning of the neurons in the auditory cortex of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, were studied. A variety of azimuth-tuning functions were demonstrated for the binaural neurons. The large majority of EE (contralateral and ipsilateral excitatory) neurons exhibited azimuth selectivity with the best azimuths (BA) at contralateral 30(- 40(, some at ipsilateral 20(-40( and preferred azimuth ranges (PAR, response amplitude ≥75% of maximum) between 8( and 40(. Sound source azimuths strongly modulate spike counts with a mean modulation depth of 83.8% for EE neurons. EI (contralateral excitatory and ipsilateral inhibitory) neurons have simple azimuth tuning with BA located at contralateral 20(-40( and a broad PAR ranged from 30( to 55(. The present results suggest that azimuth-tuning characteristics of binaural neurons in the auditory cortex of the bat are of significance for acoustic behaviour.     

An event-related potential study of working memory in children

Working memory refers to temporary storage and manipulation of “on-line” information in the brain,which is central to a large range of cognitive capabili- ties[1]. Visual working memory involves processes such as maintaining, updating and manipulating b…     

家鸽延髓呼吸中枢的初步研究

在39只家鸽用横切脑干、电刺激、电损毁和记录神经细胞放电的方法研究了延髓各部与呼吸调控的关系。实验发现刺激延髓前部(A1.0-P1.0)主要引起程度不同的呼吸抑制作用,刺激延髓中后部(P1.5-P2.5)两侧可引起显著的呼吸加强或抑制反应;在P1.5-P2.5脑段两侧区域进行损毁或在此范围内(而不在此范围之前)进行横切,可使动物呼吸停止而死亡;在P1.6-P2.5两侧网状结构中记录到了呼吸相关性神经元的放电活动。实验结果表明家鸽延髓呼吸中枢位于中后部(P1.5-P2.5)两侧网状结构中。     

Sparse optical microstimulation in barrel cortex drives learned behaviour in freely moving mice

Electrical microstimulation can establish causal links between the activity of groups of neurons and perceptual and cognitive functions. However, the number and identities of neurons microstimulated, as well as the number of action potentials evoked, are difficult to ascertain. To address these issues we introduced the light-gated algal channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) specifically into a small fraction of layer 2/3 neurons of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex. ChR2 photostimulation in vivo reliably generated stimulus-locked action potentials at frequencies up to 50 Hz. Here we show that naive mice readily learned to detect brief trains of action potentials (five light pulses, 1 ms, 20 Hz). After training, mice could detect a photostimulus firing a single action potential in approximately 300 neurons. Even fewer neurons (approximately 60) were required for longer stimuli (five action potentials, 250 ms). Our results show that perceptual decisions and learning can be driven by extremely brief epochs of cortical activity in a sparse subset of supragranular cortical pyramidal neurons.