DRAINMOD和HYDRUS-1D模型对水稻控制灌排条件下农田水位的模拟

为研究水稻控制灌排条件下农田水位的变化,根据2017年的水稻测坑种植试验资料,率定DRAINMOD模型和HYDRUS-1D模型参数,以相关系数、平均偏差及纳什效率系数为评价标准,通过比较2018年农田水位模拟值与实测值的吻合程度,分析2种模型模拟稻田干湿交替条件下农田水位的可靠性。结果表明:DRAINMOD模型和HYDRUS-1D模型的模拟结果均能较好地反映农田水位的实际变化情况,模拟值与实测值的相关系数分别为0.778和0.849,平均偏差分别为2.051 cm和1.809 cm,纳什效率系数分别为0.509和0.360,且2个模型模拟结果没有显著差别;DRAINMOD模型和HYDRUS-1D模型均可用于模拟水稻控制灌排条件下农田水位变化,为稻田水分运移研究提供方便可行的方法。     

基于SWAT模型和SUFI-2算法的渭河流域月径流分布式模拟

在渭河流域构建分布式水文模型SWAT,并采用SUFI-2算法进行参数敏感性分析以及参数率定、模型验证与不确定性分析,对渭河流域1961—2008年的月径流过程进行模拟.研究结果表明28个跟水文相关的参数对径流均有不同程度的相关性,如CN2、ALPHA_BF、SLSUBBSN、SOL_BD、HRU_SLP、SOL_K、SOL_AWC以及SMFMX等最为敏感.林家村、魏家堡、咸阳、临潼和华县水文站的月径流模拟与实测过程线总体拟合程度较好,率定期和验证期多数站的Φ和效率系数ENS值均高于0.6(0.7),所有站的确定性系数R2值均高于0.7(0.8).R-factor均较小,但林家村和魏家堡站在率定期的P-factor也很小,表明在这2个站的实际不确定性较大.可能的原因是水库运行以及农业用水考虑的不足.总体上,渭河流域SWAT模型月径流模拟效果较好.     

基于HYDRUS-1D模拟的变水头入渗条件下VG模型参数敏感性分析

采用单因素扰动分析法,分别对土壤水力参数残余含水量θr、饱和含水量θs、饱和导水率Ks、经验参数α和n进行扰动,选用HYDRUS-1D模型模拟南京市区2年一遇降雨条件下土壤水分入渗过程,分析变水头入渗条件下各土壤水力参数的敏感性,定量描述土壤水力参数变化对HYDRUS-1D输出变量土水势和累积入渗量的影响,简化后续模型率定工作,提高模型模拟精度。结果表明:在变水头入渗条件下,5个参数对土水势与累积入渗量敏感性排序均为nKsθsαθr,其中α和n对于地表0～10 cm附近的土水势影响较大,Ks与θr,以及θs与α对土水势影响规律类似;±25%扰动情况下,θs、Ks与n三者对累积入渗量的影响均大于10%。因此,在进行变水头入渗条件下模拟计算中应保证Ks、θs、α和n参数的准确性。     

流溪河模型Ⅱ:参数推求

流溪河模型是一个主要用于流域洪水预报的分布式物理水文模型,包括流域划分、蒸散发计算、产流计算、汇流计算、参数推求5个模块。针对流溪河流域上游的流溪河水库流域建立了空间分辨率为100 m的流溪河模型,对流域进行了单元划分,估算了河道断面尺寸,依据1场实测洪水推求出了模型参数,对实测的12场洪水,采用推求的模型参数发进行了洪水模拟,取得了较好的模拟效果。将研究流域划分成了52 853个单元流域,进行一个时段的洪水模拟计算,在普通桌面PC机上平均只需要12 s。研究结果表明,饱和含水率、土壤层厚度和河道糙率为高度敏感的模型参数,田间持水率、土壤特性参数b、饱和水力传导率、边坡糙率为模型的敏感参数,凋萎含水量、蒸发系数、潜在蒸发率和地下径流消退系数是模型的不敏感参数。     

基于SWAT模型的汾河上游径流过程模拟研究

以汾河上游流域为研究对象,用宁武、静乐、岚县、娄烦和古交等气象站和水文站2000到2011年间的气象、水文等资料,结合DEM数据、LUCC数据、土壤空间分布,构建汾河上游水文模型.应用LH-OAT法对其进行参数敏感性试验,应用SUFI2法和手动调参相结合的方法对模型参数进行率定和验证,然后进行径流模拟.结果表明,在模型率定与验证期,除了2006-2011年干季,受汾河上游头马营引黄调水影响,使其模拟值与实测值相比偏小以外,总体来说模拟与实测径流的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别为0.78和0.79,相对误差为5.8%和8.7%,均小于10%,径流量和降水等指标对于土地利用/覆被变化比较敏感.SWAT模型在汾河上游模拟效果较好,有较强的适用性.     

土壤垂直一维入渗对 VG 模型参数的敏感性分析

基于HYDRUS-1D模型,采用单因素扰动分析方法对VG模型的残余含水率θr、饱和含水率θs、经验参数n和α、饱和导水率Ks共5个参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明:n,θs,Ks的扰动对垂直湿润距离计算值Rz、累计入渗量计算值I的影响较大,α的扰动影响次之,θr的扰动影响最小;n的负扰动对Rz和I的影响最大,且n较小时给模拟结果带来的误差较大。因此,在模拟计算中应保证VG模型参数n,θs,Ks等的精度。     

基于在线监测的雨水花园系统径流水量控制方法

目前常规的雨水花园系统主要通过搭建绿色屋顶等雨水滞留设施,实现对径流水量的控制,因其缺少对排水管道拓扑结构的分析步骤,导致径流控制效果不佳。针对这一问题,提出基于在线监测的雨水花园系统径流水量控制方法。使用传感设备实现对径流水量的实时监测,并增加蓄存功能。以监测结果为基础,对排水管道拓扑结构差异展开分析,并通过调整模拟降水量、调蓄容积等参数实现对径流水量的控制。实验结果：方法可以达成较高的地表径流衰减率,具备良好的径流水量调控能力。     

参数为[p^k,p^（k-1）,p]和参数为[2p^k,p^（k-1）（p-1）,d≤p]的循环码

码的长度、维数以及码的极小距离是线性码的最主要的参数,其中,码的维数确定了码的大小,极小距离确定了码的纠错能力.在文献中已有关于二次剩余码和k次剩余码的一些结果.通过分析剩余码的特点,分别利用模pk及模2pk上原根的性质,构造了两类循环码,当p为奇素数,q为素数时,得到了一类参数为[p^k,p^k-1,p]的循环码,当p,q均为奇素数时,得到了一类参数为[2p^k,p^k-1（p-1）,d≤p]的循环码,其中（p,q）=1.     

黄垒河流域气候与土地利用变化对径流的影响

以山东胶东半岛黄垒河流域为研究区,构建了SWAT分布式水文模型,采用SUFI-2算法进行模型参数敏感性分析、率定与验证研究,对巫山水文站2011—2018年月径流量数据进行模拟,在此基础上设置3类变化情景,定量识别黄垒河流域内气候变化与土地利用变化下的水文响应情况。结果表明:1）SWAT模型在黄垒河径流模拟中具有较好的适用性,模型率定期的R2、E_NS分别为0.74和0.71,验证期R2、E_NS分别为0.69和0.72;2）综合型情景模拟分析得出,气候变化、土地利用变化及二者共同变化均引起流域内年均径流增加,分别使年均径流量增加0.14 、0.05 、0.19 m3? s?1,径流量对气候变化比土地利用变化更敏感,径流变化由气候变化主导;3）气候变化情景模拟分析得出,流域内年均径流量与降水变化成正相关,降水增加比降水减少对径流变化作用更显著,气温升高对流量变化有负效应,流量对气温升高比气温降低更敏感;4）极端土地利用情景模拟分析得出,城市扩张情景、耕地保护情景、退耕还林情景、城市绿化情景下,年均径流变化率分别为5.04%、2.71%、?8.17%、?4.23%,居民地、耕地具有增流作用,且居民地增流作用大于耕地,林地则具有较显著的减流作用. 需加强对流域内气温和降水,特别是强降雨的预测和防汛预警,并通过优化土地利用结构及空间布局减缓气候变化带来的水文负效应,实现流域水量平衡.      

海绵城市不同用地类型土壤渗透能力 ——以厦门市海沧马銮湾试点区为例

以国家首批海绵城市建设16个试点城市之一厦门市海沧区马銮湾试点区为例,结合片区现状,采用双环入渗法测定土壤下渗率,并结合土壤容重、含水率、粒径分布等土壤特性,分析不同地块、不同用地类型的40个检测点土壤渗透能力. 利用Horton下渗模型,确定土壤渗透系数,指导试点区选择适宜的低影响开发（LID）技术. 结果表明,试点区居住小区、工业区和城中村土壤渗透能力普遍较强,农林用地次之,公共设施用地最差. 对试点区4个点位2种用地类型（公共设施用地和工业区）的2种LID设施（雨水花园和生物滞留设施）效果分析显示,雨水花园适合修建于学校、停车场等面积较大地区;生物滞留设施适合应用在道路和居住小区绿化带等面积较小、坡度较小的地区. 土壤特性和土壤下渗率可单独作为土壤渗透能力的评判依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.