气候变化和人类活动对渭河流域径流的影响

以渭河流域为例,采用敏感性系数方法和模型模拟方法估算分析气候变化和人类活动对流域径流的影响,探讨变化环境下气候变化和人类活动对流域径流变化影响的贡献.研究结果表明,渭河流域几乎所有水文站控制流域的径流在1990s出现了明显下降趋势.径流对降水量变化比对潜在蒸散量变化敏感,降水和潜在蒸散发引起的气候变化影响在渭河上中游林家村、魏家堡和咸阳站控制流域较小,而在其他站控制流域的影响较大,占径流总量减少的40％以上.人类活动对径流的影响在渭河上中游林家村、魏家堡和咸阳站控制流域,泾河下游张家山站控制流域大于50％.     

基于SWAT模型的泾河流域月径流分布式模拟

受气候变化和人类活动变化的影响,流域水循环和基于物理机制的分布式水文模型已成为研究热点。本文采用泰森多边形计算泾河流域2008—2015年每月面降水量,对中国大气同化数据集(CMADS)和传统气象站降水量变化趋势及其相关关系进行分析。构建基于SWAT的泾河流域分布式水文模型,并采用CMADS驱动SWAT模型,通过对流域内张家山(二)水文站2008—2015年月径流的率定和验证,评价CMADS+SWAT模式在泾河流域的适用性,并采用SUFI-2算法对模型参数进行敏感性分析和模型不确定性分析。结果表明:泾河流域CMADS数据集和气象站监测数据相关性较高,可采用CMADS数据集驱动SWAT模型。所构建的泾河流域径流模拟模型中12个参数敏感性较高,包括平均坡度(HRU_SLP)、土壤表层到底层的深度(SOL_Z())、主河道河床有效水力传导度(CH_K2)等。采用确定性系数(R~2)、纳什效率系数(NSE)、百分比偏差(PBIAS)和均方根差与标准偏差的比值(RSR)四个指标对模型结果进行评价,率定期和验证期的R~2和NSE均达到0.8以上,RSR均小于0.7,且PBIAS均介于±25%,表明CMADS+SWAT模式在泾河流域的模拟结果较好。对于整个模拟期,验证期的模拟效果优于率定期。模型率定期和验证期的p-因子均大于0.7,r-因子均接近于1,不确定性较小。研究结果可为泾河流域水资源开发利用与管理提供参考,同时CMADS+SWAT模式能够为我国气象观测资料匮乏地区的水资源管理、土地利用和非点源污染研究等提供基础支撑。     

基于SWAT模型的黄河源区径流模拟

为了研究SWAT分布式水文模型在黄河源区的适用性,采用该模型对黄河源区径流进行模拟。使用黄河源区的DEM数据、土地利用数据、土壤数据和气象数据建立黄河源区的SWAT模型,利用SWAT-CUP软件和SUIF-2算法进行参数率定,以纳什效率系数(NSE)和相对误差(Re)作为模型的评判标准,分析SWAT模型对黄河源区的径流模拟效果。结果表明:黄河源区月径流模拟值与实测值吻合较好,模型模拟率定期(1975—2000年)和验证期(2001—2012年)的NSE和Re分别为0.81,-0.004和0.80,0.058,表明SWAT模型能够很好的模拟黄河源区的月径流。SWAT模型在黄河源区具有较好的适用性。     

基于SWAT模型的古浪河流域径流模拟

在采用RS、GIS技术建立的土地利用数据库、土壤数据库和气象数据库的基础上,构建了基于SWAT模型的石羊河典型流域——古浪河流域分布式水文模型.以2000—2003年作为率定期,2004—2005年作为验证期,对模型进行了参数率定和验证.其中,率定期模型的效率系数和水量平衡系数分别为0.62和1.26,验证期分别为0.75和1.00.结果表明,SWAT模型适用于该流域.在此基础上对古浪河流域降水和径流的时空分布进行了分析,表明人类活动对地表径流的影响较大.     

黑河流域上游山区径流模拟及模型评估

探讨了2个不同复杂程度的水文模型在黑河流域上游山区径流模拟方面的适用性.结果表明,在模拟莺落峡站月流量过程时,集总式水文模型WASMOD能够给出与半分布式水文模型SWAT同等精度的模拟结果.另外,WASMOD还具有所需数据量少、模型参数少、模型结构简单等优势.当然,WASMOD只能在周、月或年尺度上进行模拟,而对于口径流模拟无能为力,且只能模拟流域出口断面的流量过程,对流域内部其他站点的模拟无能为力;SWAT在这些方面具有优势.与其他模型应用结果比较,WASMOD和SWAT都表现出了同样甚至更优的径流模拟性能,能够为研究区域的径流模拟与预报提供良好的手段和工具.     

石羊河流域无观测资料地区径流模拟

基于水文模型管理和调配石羊河流域无资料地区的水资源,首先要解决模型的参数问题.为了使模拟结果更贴近实际观测值,基于变异系数法量化流域水文相似度,选取参证流域,构建SWAT水文模型,移植其模型参数进行水文模拟.以西营河为参证流域,将金塔河作为验证流域,移植参数进行径流模拟,结果表明模拟值与实测值平均相对误差、相关系数及效率系数分别为9.3%、0.80、0.78,其拟合精度满足模拟要求.在此基础上,构建无观测资料东大河流域的SWAT模型,移植西营河流域的模型参数进行径流模拟.结果表明,东大河多年平均径流量模拟值为3.345×108 m3,与实际观测值的平均相对误差为3.38%,可满足径流模拟的要求.有效地提高了西北内陆河流域无观测资料地区水文模拟精度,较好地解决了径流模拟中的不确定性问题.     

基于SWAT模型的粤北连江星子河流域径流模拟研究

以粤北连江星子河流域作为研究区域,以分布式水文模型SWAT作为模拟工具,对流域内的水文过程进行模拟。采用凤凰山水文站2001-2009年的实测月平均径流量数据进行敏感性分析和参数率定,并以相对误差(RE)、决定系数(R2)以及Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数(Ens)作为模型的适用性的评价指标。结果表明各项评价指标均符合精度要求,SWAT模型适用于星子河流域的径流模拟。     

流量数据量对分布式水文模型参数率定结果的影响分析--以黑河流域上游为例

缺资料流域水文模型的参数率定是水文学科的一个研究重点.除传统的参数区域化方法以外,考虑到在部分缺资料流域可能存在少量短时间序列或零星不连续径流量观测数据的实际情况,近年来采用少量不连续径流量观测数据率定模型参数的方法逐渐引起关注.本研究以我国西北内陆的黑河流域上游为研究区域,选取分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)为研究工具,使用SUFI-2方法作为参数自动率定与不确定性分析工具,分析不同径流量观测数据数量对模型参数率定结果的影响.研究结果显示,4组不同径流量数据在验证期的Nash效率系数均为0.67,表明使用1年的径流量数据进行参数率定时所获得的模拟效果可以达到使用多年径流数据率定参数的水平;比较各组模拟结果获得的P因子和R因子,表明使用1年径流量数据进行模型率定的不确定性会更大.     

基于SWAT模型的缺资料流域径流模拟研究

为实现流域水功能区水质目标管理,需要知道河道各控制断面的径流情况,然而中小河流常因水文站点缺乏而难以满足要求,为此,本文以赣江袁河流域为例,利用袁河上游芦溪、茅洲两站的实测资料构建了分布式SWAT水文模型,以月径流模拟的相对误差、相关系数和Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数3个指标为标准,对模型的敏感参数进行率定和验证.然后,利用已建立的袁河流域分布式SWAT模型模拟分析了下游无资料地区的径流数据.结果表明:以流域内有资料的区域为基础构建分布式SWAT分布式水文模型推求中下游无资料地区径流过程的方法具有物理成因、能够充分考虑流域的水循环特征,是一种缺资料流域推求径流比较实用的方法.     

基于S WA T模型的母猪河流域水资源时空变化特征研究

在山东胶东半岛母猪河流域构建了分布式水文模型SWAT,在模型参数敏感性分析、参数率定、模型验证的基础上,对研究区月水文过程进行模拟,并在此基础上分析了母猪河流域近年来水资源时空变化特征.研究结果表明米山水库水文站月径流过程模拟效果较好,率定期和验证期R2和ENS均在0.8左右.母猪河流域多年平均年径流深为372.5mm,西母猪河源区年均径流深较高,东母猪河子流域较低,流域年径流深基本上呈西高东低的空间分布特征.春夏两季与年径流深空间分布特征较为一致,而秋冬两季径流深空间分布较均匀.汛期7—10月份流域产流量约占全年总产流量84%,极易引发流域性大洪水,而非汛期产流量严重不足,流域水资源短缺问题十分严峻.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.