用烷基醇Gemini表面活性剂替代烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚合成苯丙乳液

分别用琥珀酸聚乙二醇辛醇双酯磺酸钠(RCS-8),琥珀酸聚乙二醇十二正烷醇双酯磺酸钠(RCS-12)和琥珀酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚酯磺酸钠(RCD-NP)为乳化剂合成了苯丙乳液,并进行了乳液表面张力、机械稳定性、粒径和粒径分布等的测试和比较.结果表明,烷基醇Gemini表面活性剂可以取代烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚用于苯丙乳液合成,其结构对合成乳液的性能影响大.采用RCS-8与RCD-NP为乳化剂合成的苯丙乳液其主要理化性能无明显差异,而其凝胶率、机械稳定性、粒径分布等方面优于后者.聚合温度为80℃,引发剂用量为单体质量的1%时,用RCS-8合成的苯丙乳液的粒径最小,粒径分布范围最窄.     

马来酸类可聚合乳化剂的合成及其在乳液聚合中的应用

以马来酸酐、十二醇聚氧乙烯醚-9(AEO9)和1,3-丙磺酸内酯为原料,采用三步法合成聚氧乙烯醚马来酸单酯磺酸盐可聚合乳化剂,其结构经1H-NMR和IR表征.将可聚合乳化剂与传统乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)分别应用到甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸丁酯-丙烯酸的半连续式乳液共聚合,此时发现,使用可聚合乳化剂可以得到更高的转化率,并且乳胶液具有较好的电解质稳定性,乳胶膜的耐水性也得到提高.     

壬基酚聚醚硫酸酯/Φ-磺酸钠盐表面活性剂的构效关系

以壬基酚为原料,通过烷氧基化加成、磺化或硫酸酯化、再经中和反应合成了4种结构的表面活性剂,分别为:壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(3)硫酸酯钠(NPES-3)、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(3)-Φ-磺酸钠(Φ-NPES-3)、壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚(3)硫酸酯钠(NPPS-3)、壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚(3)-Φ-磺酸钠(Φ-NPPS-3).测定其γcmc,Ccmc,耐盐能力、抗硬水能力、pH水解稳定性、热水解稳定性及油水界面张力.实验结果表明,含聚氧乙烯醚结构的表面活性剂耐盐能力和抗硬水能力均优于聚氧丙烯醚结构;降低油水界面张力则以含聚氧丙烯醚结构更好,尤其是NPPS-3的平衡界面张力达到9.88×10-3 mN/m的超低范围.     

微波辐射法正交设计合成马来酸单十八酯

在微波辐射条件下研究以马来酸酐和正十八醇为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,合成马来酸单十八酯.采用正交实验设计,探讨微波功率、辐射时间、酸醇比、催化剂量等对酯化率的影响,然后通过红外光谱对反应产物进行结构表征.实验结果表明:微波辐射可合成马来酸单十八酯;实验条件为微波功率325 W,辐射时间28 min,酸醇比1.3,催化剂用量为0.8%时,酯化率可达95.45%.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯磷酸盐催化乙氧基化反应

以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4)为原料合成了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯钾盐，用电位滴定法测定了单双酯的含量，并分别用于催化乙氧基化反应。通过色质连用仪测定了乙氧基化产物的分子量分布。研究结果表明，当n(壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-4))：n(五氧化二磷)=1：2，在70℃下反应5h，单酯的含量为75％．以其钾盐(cat-1)为催化剂，当n(正辛醇)：n(环氧乙完(EO))=1：4，催化剂用量为0．5％，在150℃下反应5h，正辛醇的转化率可达到90％，同时乙氧基化产物的分子量分布选择性指标是相同条件下NaOH为催化剂的1．7倍。     

月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(3)辛基磺基琥珀酸混合双酯钠的合成与性能研究

采用控制酯化率和非外加相转移催化剂在敞开体系中进行反应的新方法合成月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(3)辛基磺基琥珀酸混合双酯钠.得到最佳工艺条件为η(月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(3))η(顺酐)=1.001.10,于90℃下单酯化反应2.5h,得到产率为99.9%的单酯化产物;η(二乙基辛醇)η(顺酐)=2.51.0,于150℃下双酯化反应2.5h,得到产率为94.7%的双酯化产物;η(亚硫酸氢钠)η(顺酐)=1.101.00,加热介质温度为130℃下磺化反应4h,测得产物的表面张力、临界胶束浓度、耐硬水能力、乳化力、渗透力、分散力、钙皂分散力和去油污力分别为28.6 mN/m、5.0×10-3 mol/L、16min、8.1 min、2.1s、92.2%、12%和100%.与磺基琥珀酸二辛酯钠盐(快T)和月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(3)磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐(LESS)进行性能对比,结果表明其耐硬水能力、分散力、乳化力、钙皂分散性能和去油污性能较快T均得到了改善,并与LESS相比,渗透性能得到了较大的提高.     

无磷家用洗涤剂配方集锦

本文介绍无磷家用洗涤剂配方12则、所用材料的别名和材料生产厂家.一、衣领和袖口洗涤剂1.配方(%,wt)C_(12-14)烷醇聚氧乙烯醚23直链烷基苯磷酸钠17沸石(4A沸石)30碳酸钠20其他添加剂7水32.说明此剂为浆状.衣服洗涤前用此剂擦洗衣领和袖口,使其污垢润湿、分解,用手轻搓,然后手洗或机洗.配方中之沸石用以降低洗衣水的硬度,减少表面活性剂的用量.3.生产厂C_(12-14)烷醇聚氧乙烯醚上海试剂一厂、广州化学试剂厂生产.沸石锦州市化工三厂、天津市化学试剂三厂、张家口宣化化工厂、洛阳市孟津化肥厂生产.二、手洗餐具洗涤剂1 配方(%,wt)吐温60(乳化剂T—60、聚乙氧基硬脂酸山梨糖醇)6司盘60(乳化剂S—60、山梨醇酐十八酸酷、失水山梨醇单硬酯7液蜡15十六醇(鲸蜡醇)2水702.说明十六醇可代用十八醇(硬脂醇、脂蜡醇),也可两者混用.本品为乳液,去油污力强,不刺激皮肤.3.生产厂吐温60旅顺化工厂、上海助剂厂、湖北沙市石油化工厂生产.司盘60旅顺化工厂、上海助剂厂、沈阳助剂厂、重庆化学助剂厂生产.十六醇大连油脂化工厂、无锡合成化工厂、湖南益阳市油脂化工厂、上海牙膏厂、上海硬化油厂生产.三、烤箱洗涤剂(%,wt)1.配方单乙醇胺(Z—氨基乙醇)4.5表面活性剂 NP—9,5(壬基酚聚氧乙烯(9,5))6.3乙醇聚氧乙烯(2)     

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯的合成及评价

研究了以聚磷酸(PPA)为磷酸化试剂合成辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯的合成条件,考察了酸醇物质的量比n(PPA)∶n(OP-4)、酯化温度、酯化时间、水解量、水解温度以及水解时间6种因素对单酯收率的影响,确定了聚磷酸作磷酸化试剂合成辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯的理想合成条件:n(PPA)∶n(OP-4)=1.6;酯化温度110～120℃;酯化时间6～8h;水解量5%;水解温度120℃;水解时间2.5～3.5h.合成出的产品均为单酯,且质量分数在93%以上.使用环己烷等作溶剂对单酯收率影响不大.OPP-4/桩西原油体系界面张力在质量分数为10%的NaCl存在的情况下达到8.970×10-3mN/m.OPP-4质量分数为0.25%时,起泡体积为473mL,析液半衰期长达5.217min.     

活性炭负载杂多酸(PW12/C)催化合成1,4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯

以1，4-丁二醇，马来酸酐，十二醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO2)为原料，合成了一种结构新型的化合物——1，4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯，此化合物的合成由两步酯化反应组成，酯化反应Ⅰ采用正交实验，确定最优工艺条件为：n(马来酸酐)：n(1，4-丁二醇)=2．15：1．00，反应时间1h，催化剂用量ω(乙酸钠)=1．0％．酯化反应Ⅱ采用活性炭负载杂多酸(PW12／C)为催化剂，该催化剂的最优制备条件为：m(PW12)：m(C)==4：6，回流时间4h，烘干温度150℃，烘干时间4h．酯化反应Ⅱ采用均匀实验优化工艺条件，最优工艺条件为：n(1，4-丁二醇双马来酸单酯)：n(AEO2)=1．00：2．15，反应温度150℃，反应时间14h，催化剂用量ω(PW12／C)=1．5％，对每步合成的产物结构用IR和1HNMR进行表征。     

马来酸单十八酯的合成

以马来酸酐和正十八醇为原料 ,采用对甲苯磺酸作为催化剂合成了马来酸单十八酯。经实验确证了酯化的优化条件 ,获得了97.74 %的酯化率。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.