不同分布地天女木兰叶表皮微形态研究

天女木兰是集芳香、药用、食用和观赏于一体的珍稀濒危植物,呈“间断式”分布。为探知天女木兰种下分类及其亲缘关系,利用扫描电镜对7个分布地天女木兰叶表皮微形态特征指标进行定性描述及主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明:①表皮细胞分为浅波状和深波状两种类型; 气孔器为椭圆形,分为凸起和凹陷两种; 叶表结晶体有圆球形和长柱形; 表皮毛密,分为单细胞毛、单列双细胞毛和单列多细胞毛3种类型; 叶表皮气孔大小、密度和表皮毛长短及密度等均存在差异。②主成分分析选出3个主成分,方差累计贡献率达到87.394%。③聚类分析结果表明,7个分布地天女木兰种群分为两类。第Ⅰ类包括吉林石湖和河北祖山的天女木兰,表现为叶下表皮细胞呈浅波状,气孔密度小,气孔凸起,气孔长轴小于10 μm,叶表结晶体呈圆球形; 第Ⅱ类包括浙江清凉峰、安徽黄山、贵州雷公山、贵州麻江和广西猫儿山的天女木兰,表现为叶下表皮细胞多呈深波状,气孔密度大,气孔多凹陷,气孔长轴大于10 μm,叶表结晶体呈长柱形。这表明各天女木兰间的亲缘关系远近与地理分布相关,叶表皮微形态特征可作为种下分类和探讨天女木兰种群间亲缘关系的重要特征。     

濒危植物黄山梅及其相关植物的叶表皮特征研究

对黄山梅属(Kirengeshoma Yatabe)黄山梅(Kirengeshoma palmata Yatabe)及其相关植物--草绣球属(Cardiandra Sieb.＆Zucc.)和银梅草属(Deinanthe Maxim.)植物作了叶表皮的微形态研究.结果表明:黄山梅(Kirengeshoma palmata Yatabe)叶下表皮细胞不规则,垂周壁深波状,气孔类型为不规则型;叶上表皮不规则或近多角形,垂周壁平直、弓形或波状.叶上、下表面均具单细胞T形毛,毛上疣突显著.毛基为单细胞型.草绣球(Cardiandra mollendorffii Li)叶下表皮不规则,垂周壁深波状,气孔类型为不规则型;叶上表皮细胞不规则,垂周壁浅波状,具针晶,单毛,具鞘状结构,表面光滑.毛基为多细胞型.二裂叶银梅草(Deinanthe bifida Maxim.)和银梅草(Deinanthe caerulea Stapf.)叶下表皮细胞不规则,垂周壁深波状,气孔类型为不规则型;叶上表皮细胞形状与垂周壁式样同叶下表皮,且均具针晶.另外,在二裂叶银梅草叶上、下表面发现两种类型的毛:锥形毛和T形毛.结合三属的现有资料,通过比较分析,笔者初步认为: 三属性状高度重叠,关系甚密,银梅草属可能是黄山梅属和草绣球属的过渡类型;叶表皮特征观察结果不支持Takhtajan系统把黄山梅独立出来提升为亚科的观点.     

福建柃属植物(山茶科)叶表皮特征的比较研究

观察研究福建山茶科柃属18种1变型植物的叶表皮特征,统计并测量了气孔类型、气孔大小、气孔密度等有关特征.结果表明:该属植物的气孔为圆形或椭圆形,仅分布在下表皮,且多为无规则型,也有不等细胞型;叶表皮细胞形状有不规则形、不规则多边形;垂周壁较平直、浅波状、波状或深波状.在光镜下柃属植物在气孔大小、密度方面有明显不同,在表皮细胞形态、垂周壁样式和表皮毛等特征上差异较大,可作为种间区别的重要依据.     

山东蔊菜属及近缘属叶表皮特征的研究

用光镜和扫描电镜研究 艹焊 菜属叶表皮 ,结果表明该属植物叶表皮气孔类型多为不等型 ,少数为无规则型 ;上下表皮都有气孔随机分布 ,下表皮细胞壁比上表皮细胞壁弯曲程度大 ,上下表皮角质层具条纹状纹饰 ;气孔指数可作为种的分类依据 .艹焊 菜属与近缘属叶表皮特征比较发现 ,豆瓣菜属的气孔类型为较进化的四细胞型 ,碎米荠属在叶表皮特征方面与 艹焊 菜属相近 .     

中国大陆地区扁核木属植物花粉及叶表皮微形态研究

本文利用扫描电镜研究了中国大陆地区扁核木属3种植物的花粉及叶表皮微观形态.结果显示:花粉均为近球形,辐射对称,三孔沟型,外壁纹饰均为条纹状,赤道萌发孔;叶表皮细胞形状均为多边形、垂周壁平直或略弯曲,气孔器均为无规则型.这些相同点支持它们为同属.此外,花粉存在许多明显差异:蕤核极面观为钝三角形,东北扁核木和扁核木极面观为三裂圆形;蕤核萌发孔为角萌发孔,东北扁核木和扁核木的萌发孔为周萌发孔;花粉外壁条脊排列的紧密度、条脊宽度、沟膜上颗粒疏密度均不同;蕤核花粉外壁有黏液滴.叶表皮微形态也存在差异:蕤核叶片具毛,东北扁核木和扁核木叶片无毛;叶表皮的角质层和蜡质形态均不同;蕤核叶上表皮角质层上有晶体.这些差异可为种的鉴定提供分类学依据.     

广西产9种铁角蕨属植物叶表皮微形态及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜对广西产9种铁角蕨属(Asplenium L.)植物的叶表皮微形态进行观察比较。结果表明:9种铁角蕨属植物的叶表皮细胞多为不规则型,垂周壁为浅波状、波状或深波状;叶上下表皮均无毛,气孔器全部分布在下表面;它们的气孔器类型有7种,为极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚腋下细胞型、不等细胞型、无规则四细胞型、不定细胞型和横列型。铁角蕨属植物不同种间叶表皮微形态特征表现出一定差异,对种的划分有一定的分类鉴定意义。     

合被韭与长梗合被韭的叶表皮微形态比较研究

通过对光镜下合被韭5居群和长梗合被韭5居群,以及扫描电镜下合被韭2居群和长梗合被韭1居群的叶表皮微形态特征进行比较研究,结果显示:供试两种植物叶表皮微形态具部分相似性,两者近远轴面都分布气孔,气孔器均属无规则型.但叶表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样、蜡质纹饰等种间分化较大.合被韭表皮细胞性状为条形,长梗合被韭呈梭形.垂周壁式样合被韭近平直,长梗合被韭则为弓形.扫描电镜下气孔外拱盖内缘,合被韭近光滑,长梗合被韭为深波状.合被韭具大量颗粒或鳞片状蜡质纹饰,而长梗合被韭角质层平滑,纹饰较少.两者虽然在植株外部形态上难以区分,但叶表皮微形态种间差异明显,具有一定的分类价值.     

披碱草属4种植物叶下表皮微形态特征

披碱草属(Elymus L)是禾本科小麦族中一个重要的多年生属,借助光学显微镜对披碱草属4种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行分类鉴别.结果表明,脉间长细胞为近长方形.垂周壁形状为浅波状、深波状;有短细胞存在.呈椭圆形、孪生;气孔器副卫细胞呈圆屋顶形、平屋顶形;硅质乳突存在于脉间长细胞上;表皮细胞大小、垂周壁式样、气孔器大小和硅质乳突等特征在种间存在一定的差异,可以作为本属种间分类鉴别的参考依据,从而为该属种质资源的合理利用及开发提供解剖学依据.     

丹参及四川鼠尾草属植物叶表皮微形态研究

利用光学显微镜,比较研究了丹参及四川鼠尾草属植物的叶表皮特征.结果显示：气孔器类型、表皮毛和腺毛类型在各物种间具有一致性.气孔器类型多为横列型,主要分布在叶片下表皮（远轴面）;表皮毛都为单列多细胞毛,其中多为单列3或4细胞毛;腺毛普遍分布在所有种的上下表皮,主要为短柄多细胞头腺毛.表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样、气孔器的分布等特征在各亚属间、种间存在一定的差异,这些差异可作为亚属间或种间分类的参考依据.     

常绿杜鹃亚属云锦杜鹃亚组26种植物叶片微形态特征及其分类学意义

通过扫描电子显微镜对隶属于常绿杜鹃亚属(subgen.Hymenanthes)下云锦杜鹃亚组(subsect.Frotunea Sleumer)内的26种植物的叶片表皮特征进行观察,结果表明,26种植物气孔器具有一定相似性,表现为下表皮均有卵圆形或椭圆形气孔器;气孔器散生或聚集有序分布于乳突状或藜状突起之间,气孔器周围有或无间断的条形突起环绕;内外拱盖表面光滑或粗糙;叶表面有或无网状微绒毛;有或无腺体.此外云锦杜鹃亚组下种各成员之间又有明显的区别.因此,云锦杜鹃亚组叶表皮的鳞片,毛被,腺体等,气孔器及其周围纹饰等微形态特征可为分类学提供一定证据.本文的20个种的叶表皮微形态特征属首次报道,根据叶表皮微形态特征,本文给出了这26种杜鹃的分种检索表,并探讨了该亚组下种间亲缘关系及进化趋势,并且还讨论了该亚组的分类学存疑种的分类处理意见.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-