与铁磁电极耦合的双量子点中近藤效应的研究

研究了与铁磁电极耦合的串连双量子点中的平衡和非平衡近藤效应，同时考虑了两侧电极中自旋极化的态密度为平行和反平行的情况。结果表明，每个量子点的平衡态密度在平行情况下只有一个尖峰，当有外加偏压的时候，这个尖峰将分裂为两个；在反平行情况下，每个量子点的平衡态密度有两个尖峰，分别对应与电子的两种不同自旋取向，自旋向下和向上的态密度双峰之间的距离将在外加偏压的影响下分别增大和减少。在反平行情况下，每一种自旋成份的微分电导只有一个尖峰，并且分别在费米面之上和之下；而在平行情况下，每种自旋成份的微分电导都有两个尖峰，其中自旋朝下的微分电导尖峰较高。     

平行双量点中的Fano-Kondo

通过么正变换得到了平行双量子点有间库仑作用时的Fano—Anderson哈密顿量，并用格林函数运动方程的方法济南市出了与实验观测量密切相关的推迟和量子分布格林函数。借助于新得到的哈密顿量和格林函数，可以研究Kondo和Fano共振的关联效应。     

An Accurate and Universal HEOM Approach to Strongly Correlated Quantum Impurity Systems

A hierarchical equations of motion(HEOM)approach is developed for general open quantum systems coupled to fermionic environment.The HEOM method is in principle formally exact,as it resolves nonperturbatively the combined effects of many-body interaction,system-bath dissipation,and non-Markovian memory.In practice,the HEOM approach is highly accurate and efficient for the characterization of strongly correlated quantum impurity sys-     

嵌入人造分子介观A-B环内的持续电流

使用双杂质的Anderson模型的哈密顿，从理论上研究了一个嵌入串联耦合量子点的介观A-B环系统处在Kondo区时的基态性质，并用slave-boson平均场方法求解了哈密顿，结果表明，在这个系统中，宇称效应和复杂的电流。相位关系的出现反映了两个量子点可以相干耦合，因此，在未来的装置应用中，这个系统是很有潜力的。     

Kondo physics in carbon nanotubes

The connection of electrical leads to wire-like molecules is a logical step in the development of molecular electronics, but also allows studies of fundamental physics. For example, metallic carbon nanotubes are quantum wires that have been found to act as one-dimensional quantum dots, Luttinger liquids, proximity-induced superconductors and ballistic and diffusive one-dimensional metals. Here we report that electrically contacted single-walled carbon nanotubes can serve as powerful probes of Kondo physics, demonstrating the universality of the Kondo effect. Arising in the prototypical case from the interaction between a localized impurity magnetic moment and delocalized electrons in a metallic host, the Kondo effect has been used to explain enhanced low-temperature scattering from magnetic impurities in metals, and also occurs in transport through semiconductor quantum dots. The far greater tunability of dots (in our case, nanotubes) compared with atomic impurities renders new classes of Kondo-like effects accessible. Our nanotube devices differ from previous systems in which Kondo effects have been observed, in that they are one-dimensional quantum dots with three-dimensional metal (gold) reservoirs. This allows us to observe Kondo resonances for very large electron numbers (N) in the dot, and approaching the unitary limit (where the transmission reaches its maximum possible value). Moreover, we detect a previously unobserved Kondo effect, occurring for even values of N in a magnetic field.     

耦合于铁磁电极平行双量子点的自旋极化输运

利用双杂质的Anderson模型的哈密顿量,从理论上研究了耦合于铁磁电极的平行双量子点的自旋极化输运性质,并借助运动方程方法求解了哈密顿量.结果表明,该系统在费米能级处的Kondo共振峰与自旋极化强度和磁通量的取值有关.与此同时,在平行组态情况下,Kondo共振峰位置发生了偏移,而在反平行组态情况下,Kondo共振峰出现在相同位置处.这些现象使得这一双量子点系统的物理特性更加丰富,它们将有助于解释自旋电子学中的电子关联问题.     

纳米材料锰掺杂量子点中的近藤效应

采用非平衡格林函数方法,探讨了量子点掺杂锰原子纳米材料的低温输运特性。结果表明,输运受到掺杂锰原子的强烈影响。具体来说,在微分电导中出现（2S＋1）个近藤劈裂峰,锰原子表现为一个多值量子化有效磁场,导致这种劈裂。     

嵌入并联量子点的介观A-B环内的"巨"持续电流

使用双杂质的Anderson模型的哈密顿,从理论上研究了一个嵌入并联耦合量子点(DQD)的介观A B环系统处在Kondo区时的基态性质,并用slave boson平均场方法求解了哈密顿.结果表明,在这个系统中,持续电流依赖于系统的宇称效应和尺寸大小;在强耦合区,电流的峰值与零(弱)耦合区相比,有显著地增强,这说明两个量子点可以相干耦合而形成人造分子.在未来的装置设计中这个系统是很有潜力的.     

Orbital Kondo effect in carbon nanotubes

Progress in the fabrication of nanometre-scale electronic devices is opening new opportunities to uncover deeper aspects of the Kondo effect--a characteristic phenomenon in the physics of strongly correlated electrons. Artificial single-impurity Kondo systems have been realized in various nanostructures, including semiconductor quantum dots, carbon nanotubes and individual molecules. The Kondo effect is usually regarded as a spin-related phenomenon, namely the coherent exchange of the spin between a localized state and a Fermi sea of delocalized electrons. In principle, however, the role of the spin could be replaced by other degrees of freedom, such as an orbital quantum number. Here we show that the unique electronic structure of carbon nanotubes enables the observation of a purely orbital Kondo effect. We use a magnetic field to tune spin-polarized states into orbital degeneracy and conclude that the orbital quantum number is conserved during tunnelling. When orbital and spin degeneracies are present simultaneously, we observe a strongly enhanced Kondo effect, with a multiple splitting of the Kondo resonance at finite field and predicted to obey a so-called SU4 symmetry.     

Kondo resonance in a single-molecule transistor

When an individual molecule, nanocrystal, nanotube or lithographically defined quantum dot is attached to metallic electrodes via tunnel barriers, electron transport is dominated by single-electron charging and energy-level quantization. As the coupling to the electrodes increases, higher-order tunnelling and correlated electron motion give rise to new phenomena, including the Kondo resonance. To date, all of the studies of Kondo phenomena in quantum dots have been performed on systems where precise control over the spin degrees of freedom is difficult. Molecules incorporating transition-metal atoms provide powerful new systems in this regard, because the spin and orbital degrees of freedom can be controlled through well-defined chemistry. Here we report the observation of the Kondo effect in single-molecule transistors, where an individual divanadium molecule serves as a spin impurity. We find that the Kondo resonance can be tuned reversibly using the gate voltage to alter the charge and spin state of the molecule. The resonance persists at temperatures up to 30 K and when the energy separation between the molecular state and the Fermi level of the metal exceeds 100 meV.     

磁性杂质对量子点内电子态密度Kondo峰的影响

讨论了一个耦合于量子点的磁性杂质,当两边是铁磁性导线时量子点上电子的态密度Kondo峰的变化情况。用格林函数运动方程的方法和特定的自洽方法得到了态密度的解析表达式。杂质与量子点上电子的耦合使得原本简并的电子能级分裂。数值计算结果表明当两边的铁磁导线极化反平行时,态密度的Kondo峰几乎不随着磁性杂质方位角的变化而变化。当极化平行时,会出现3个Kondo峰,并且峰之间的间隔随着杂质的方位角的增大而增大。如果选取适当极化率的铁磁导线,由导线的铁磁性引起的Kondo峰的分裂可以被杂质的耦合作用抵?消掉。?     

Quantum quench of Kondo correlations in optical absorption

The interaction between a single confined spin and the spins of an electron reservoir leads to one of the most remarkable phenomena of many-body physics--the Kondo effect. Electronic transport measurements on single artificial atoms, or quantum dots, have made it possible to study the effect in great detail. Here we report optical measurements on a single semiconductor quantum dot tunnel-coupled to a degenerate electron gas which show that absorption of a single photon leads to an abrupt change in the system Hamiltonian and a quantum quench of Kondo correlations. By inferring the characteristic power-law exponents from the experimental absorption line shapes, we find a unique signature of the quench in the form of an Anderson orthogonality catastrophe, induced by a vanishing overlap between the initial and final many-body wavefunctions. We show that the power-law exponent that determines the degree of orthogonality can be tuned using an external magnetic field, which unequivocally demonstrates that the observed absorption line shape originates from Kondo correlations. Our experiments demonstrate that optical measurements on single artificial atoms offer new perspectives on many-body phenomena previously studied using transport spectroscopy only.     

Kondo effect in an integer-spin quantum dot

The Kondo effect--a many-body phenomenon in condensed-matter physics involving the interaction between a localized spin and free electrons--was discovered in metals containing small amounts of magnetic impurities, although it is now recognized to be of fundamental importance in a wide class of correlated electron systems. In fabricated structures, the control of single, localized spins is of technological relevance for nanoscale electronics. Experiments have already demonstrated artificial realizations of isolated magnetic impurities at metallic surfaces, nanoscale magnets, controlled transitions between two-electron singlet and triplet states, and a tunable Kondo effect in semiconductor quantum dots. Here we report an unexpected Kondo effect in a few-electron quantum dot containing singlet and triplet spin states, whose energy difference can be tuned with a magnetic field. We observe the effect for an even number of electrons, when the singlet and triplet states are degenerate. The characteristic energy scale is much larger than in the ordinary spin-1/2 case.     

Quantum phase transition in a single-molecule quantum dot

Quantum criticality is the intriguing possibility offered by the laws of quantum mechanics when the wave function of a many-particle physical system is forced to evolve continuously between two distinct, competing ground states. This phenomenon, often related to a zero-temperature magnetic phase transition, is believed to govern many of the fascinating properties of strongly correlated systems such as heavy-fermion compounds or high-temperature superconductors. In contrast to bulk materials with very complex electronic structures, artificial nanoscale devices could offer a new and simpler means of understanding quantum phase transitions. Here we demonstrate this possibility in a single-molecule quantum dot, where a gate voltage induces a crossing of two different types of electron spin state (singlet and triplet) at zero magnetic field. The quantum dot is operated in the Kondo regime, where the electron spin on the quantum dot is partially screened by metallic electrodes. This strong electronic coupling between the quantum dot and the metallic contacts provides the strong electron correlations necessary to observe quantum critical behaviour. The quantum magnetic phase transition between two different Kondo regimes is achieved by tuning gate voltages and is fundamentally different from previously observed Kondo transitions in semiconductor and nanotube quantum dots. Our work may offer new directions in terms of control and tunability for molecular spintronics.     

各向异性与量子点平衡形态及应变分布

向异性对于半导体量点光学和电学性能有较大影响.本文基于向异性弹性理论的有限元方法,研究了金字塔组织生长半导体量点平衡态与应变分随外延材料向异性系数的变化规律,讨论了向异性系数与应变弛豫的关系,出了同向异性系数的量点体系平衡态及其应力、应变、静水应变及双轴应变分等.结果可作为进一研究量点光电性能及制备量点的理论参考.     

Emerging local Kondo screening and spatial coherence in the heavy-fermion metal YbRh2Si2

The entanglement of quantum states is both a central concept in fundamental physics and a potential tool for realizing advanced materials and applications. The quantum superpositions underlying entanglement are at the heart of the intricate interplay of localized spin states and itinerant electronic states that gives rise to the Kondo effect in certain dilute magnetic alloys. In systems where the density of localized spin states is sufficiently high, they can no longer be treated as non-interacting; if they form a dense periodic array, a Kondo lattice may be established. Such a Kondo lattice gives rise to the emergence of charge carriers with enhanced effective masses, but the precise nature of the coherent Kondo state responsible for the generation of these heavy fermions remains highly debated. Here we use atomic-resolution tunnelling spectroscopy to investigate the low-energy excitations of a generic Kondo lattice system, YbRh(2)Si(2). We find that the hybridization of the conduction electrons with the localized 4f electrons results in a decrease in the tunnelling conductance at the Fermi energy. In addition, we observe unambiguously the crystal-field excitations of the Yb(3+) ions. A strongly temperature-dependent peak in the tunnelling conductance is attributed to the Fano resonance resulting from tunnelling into the coherent heavy-fermion states that emerge at low temperature. Taken together, these features reveal how quantum coherence develops in heavy 4f-electron Kondo lattices. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of real-space electronic structure imaging for the investigation of strong electronic correlations, specifically with respect to coherence phenomena, phase coexistence and quantum criticality.     

玻璃中量子点之间电子的共振隧穿

在建立玻璃中阻容耦合双量子点模型的基础上,通过分析双量子点的静电能和化学势,讨论了化学势随外加偏压的变化和共振隧穿现象.随外加偏压的增大,当双量子点2个能级的化学势相等时发生共振隧穿现象,在I-V特性曲线上呈现电流峰.玻璃中不同间距的量子点用不同大小的耦合电容来表示.随着玻璃中2个量子点之间耦合电容的增大,2个量子点发生共振隧穿所需要的外加偏压随之增大.     

微波场作用下Fano效应对量子点电子态密度近藤峰的影响

讨论了一个微波场辐照下量子点电极耦合体系,当两边电极间存在非共振直接隧穿时量子．占、上电子态密度的变化情况。用非平衡格林函数方法及吴大琪假设得到了此体系能态密度在相互作用强度U有限情况下的解析表达式。数值计算的结果表明随着背景透射率及库仑相互作用能大小的变化,量子点上电子能态密度共振峰可被增强或减弱,并可能出现新的共振峰结构。     

半导体量子点中磁极化子基态能修正的温度效应

采用Larsen方法研究了半导体量子点中磁极化子基态能量的温度效应．在有限温度下导出了磁场内半导体量子点中电子—体纵光学(LO)声子相互作用系统的基态能量及二级微扰能量修正．讨论了磁场、量子点尺寸以及温度对半导体量子点中电子—体纵光学(LO)声子相互耦合磁极化子的基态能量影响．为了更清楚、直观地说明半导体量子点中磁极化子的性质，以GaAs半导体为例进行了数值计算，得到在强磁场的作用下半导体量子点中电子—体纵光学(LO)声子耦合系统的基态能量修正与磁场强度、量子点厚度及温度的关系曲线．结果表明：强磁场中电子—体纵光学(LO)声子相互耦合磁极化子的基态能量修正随磁场强度的增加而增大，随量子点厚度的增加而减少，随温度的升高而增大。     

圆柱形量子线中的极化子效应

分别采用LLP变分方法和微扰方法研究了圆柱形自由量子线的极化子效应，在计算中考虑了类体纵光学声子模及表面声子模的贡献．结果显示表面声子模在量子线半径较小时产生强烈的极化子效应，而类体模的贡献则随量子线半径的增加速渐趋于三维体材料的结果．分析还发现，对于量子线、量子点等强受限体系，微扰方法得到的结果较量量变分方法的结果合理。