不同长效激活剂组分对沾3区块内源功能微生物激活研究

以胜利油田沾3区块油藏内源微生物为激活对象,筛选得到具有长效功能的激活剂组分,并利用功能菌定量化检测技术,研究了不同长效激活剂组分条件下产甲烷菌功能基因mcr A、硝酸盐还原菌功能基因nir S、硫酸盐还原菌功能基因dsr A这3种功能基因的增殖情况。研究发现,经过实验筛选的长效激活剂组分,在模拟油藏环境下,相比较现用玉米浆配方均能较好地、长时间地激活内源微生物。含有植物多糖组分(淀粉)的激活剂体系厌氧产气效果显著,气压最高可达到0.064 MPa,甲烷含量最高可达1.44%,mcr A基因随着时间的延长,上升趋势明显。     

氯化钙水型油藏内源微生物激活剂研究

应用最大可能数法(MPN)和高通量测序分析新疆油田氯化钙水型油藏产出液中微生物群落结构。应用离子色谱分析了油藏地层水的离子组成,确定了激活内源微生物的基础及目标。确立以原油乳化效果、激活后烃氧化菌浓度为筛选激活剂的主要指标,进行了内源微生物激活剂的筛选。在单因素实验筛选最佳碳源、氮源和磷源后,采用均匀设计优化了激活剂组分含量,并进行了激活效果评价实验。实验结果表明:优化的激活剂激活地层水中内源微生物后,原油乳化效果明显,提高功能菌群烃氧化菌等菌浓5~6数量级,而硫酸盐还原菌被明显抑制;同时微生物群落结构发生明显改变,细菌生物多样性有所降低,实现了对Pseudomonas、Bacillus、Stenotrophomonas、Pusillimonas和Acinetobacter等常见采油功能菌的高效激活。     

胜利油田水驱油藏内源微生物群落结构及分布规律

根据胜利油田的油藏特点,在温度(55 ～ 91℃)、矿化度(3 000～20 000 mg/L)及渗透率((207～6900) ×10-3 μm2)等油藏条件下,利用16S rDNA克隆测序技术研究了10个水驱油藏的内源微生物种群及分布规律.结果显示,油藏内源微生物由种类丰富的细菌和古菌组成.其中,细菌以变形杆菌门为主(其中Gammaproteobacteria数量占总菌数的41.4％,Betaproteobacteria数量占总菌数的25.0％),共计114个属;另外,古菌共计14个属.整体上涵盖了烃降解、产生物表面活性物质、产甲烷等多种驱油功能微生物,其中,石油烃降解菌Achromobacter、Arcobacter几乎分布于所有研究区块.群落结构受到油藏温度、矿化度、渗透率、水驱时间等因素的影响.较高温度的油藏中古菌种类以及细菌中Thermus、Thermincola、Thermanaeromonas等嗜热菌含量均显著提升.其中:90℃油藏的嗜热细菌数量占总菌数的23％,并出现了极端嗜热古菌Geoglobus;矿化度10 000 mg/L以上的区块,耐盐菌数量占总菌数的30％左右,约为该矿化度以下油藏的2倍,而较高矿化度下的严格厌氧、反硝化等代谢形式未形成优势;油藏渗透率提高和水驱时间的延长会显著提高微生物多样性,种属数量增幅可达1倍以上.以上结果表明:研究的各水驱油藏普遍具有实施内源微生物驱油的生物基础;不同的油藏环境导致微生物群落结构存在明显差异,微生物驱油的激活配方及注入工艺需进行针对性的设计和优化.     

花土沟高矿化度油藏内源微生物提高采收率实验研究

为了探讨青海花土沟高矿化度油藏利用内源微生物生长代谢提高原油采收率的可行性,用最大可能数法(MPN法)对油藏内源微生物群落组成进行分析,筛选激活体系,考查乳化、产酸性能,同时对微生物作用前后的原油进行气相色谱分析,通过16SrDNA序列分析,进一步了解油藏内源微生物群落.结果表明,腐生菌、烃氧化菌、发酵菌、硝酸盐还原菌是该油藏的主要微生物群落;激活体系能有效地激活内源微生物乳化液蜡,并产酸,内源菌浓度达107/mL,发酵液表面张力由57.44mN/m降至38.5mN/m,pH值由7.19降至6.56:选择细菌通用引物对菌株16S rDNA序列进行基因扩增、测序,测序结果用Blast进行同源性比较得分离菌株分别为Bacillus sp.和Halomonas sp.,激活后的内源菌选择性降解饱和烷烃(C11～C20.C28,C33).在花土沟高矿化度油藏实施内源微生物采油具有可行性.     

沾3区块内源微生物好氧和厌氧激活特征

为了研究油藏内源微生物好氧和厌氧激活规律,在亨盖特厌氧微生物操作平台上,对沾3区块油井产出液分别进行好氧和厌氧激活研究。结果表明:油藏内源微生物在好氧和厌氧激活方式下均能被有效激活,激活5 d以后,菌密度超过10~8个/mL,但不同激活方式激活的菌群结构、驱油功能菌存在显著差异。在好氧激活下的微生物代谢速率快,开始产乳化剂时间比厌氧激活早;厌氧条件下,加入磷酸盐、硝酸盐,提供电子受体能够显著促进厌氧乳化,乳化指数可达100%。但氧化还原电位的提高,对内源微生物厌氧代谢产酸、产气有一定抑制作用,总酸含量从2.769 g/L降至1.046 g/L,气压从0.156 MPa降至0.060 MPa, CH_4含量从31.1%降至5.6%。室内模拟研究揭示的微生物厌氧激活特征为中高温油藏内源微生物驱油厌氧代谢调控提供了重要理论指导。     

注采水样微生物群落与高凝原油的相互作用

在高凝油藏开发过程中,原油易在孔隙中析蜡、发生胶质和沥青质沉积等。研究不同水驱环境中内源微生物群落及其与高凝油的相互作用关系,以河南魏岗油田高凝油藏产出水样为研究对象,优选最佳激活体系;通过微生物驱油物理模拟实验考察内源微生物提高采收率情况,研究激活前后内源微生物的群落变化以及原油组分、性质的变化。结果表明:注采水样中微生物群落差异明显,内源微生物被激活后优势菌为芽胞杆菌(Bacillus sp)和梭菌(Clostridium ultunense)等,原油乳化分散等级最高可达5级,微生物提高采收率最高为12.51%;凝点最多降低5℃,蜡含量降低3.95%以上,同时多环芳烃萘、菲及其同系物等降解较为明显;不同水驱环境中内源微生物在驱油、原油降解等过程中发挥着重要的作用。     

内源激活剂驱油藏内微生物菌群结构变化分析

油藏内源功能微生物的激活能有效提高采油效率。其中激活后功能微生物的群落变化分析及相关代谢基因丰度的变化对内源激活剂的筛选及激活机理研究具有重要的指导意义。本实验利用高通量测序技术准确分析了内源激活剂注入井（WJW199.1）和对照井（WJW202）中内源微生物（包括古菌和细菌）基于门、纲、属水平的种群多样性和群落结构。结果表明采出水中Thaumarchaeota门的古菌占主导,而丰度最高的细菌属于Proteobacteria门和 Firmicutes门。不管对于古菌还是细菌,注入井中的微生物多样性都远高于对照井,说明激活剂的添加有效激活了其中的内源微生物,提高了群落结构多样性。尤其是Pseudomonas,Arcobacter等具有产表活剂能力的功能微生物。同时,硫酸盐还原菌脱硫弧菌属等有害菌被抑制,丰度降低。表明从微生物种群变化的程度来看内源激活剂的注入降低了有害菌的丰度,激活了功能微生物,增强了整体微生物的驱油能力。     

典型复杂岩性油藏的微生物多样性及应用研究

为了拓展复杂岩性油藏的开采新方法,增强微生物提高原油采收率(MEOR)的可预测性.使用16S rDNA基因克隆文库方法,对典型复杂岩性油藏狮子沟油藏的微生物多样性进行了分析.结果表明,采油井的优势菌为盐单胞菌、肠杆菌、海杆菌、假单胞菌和不动杆菌;注水井的优势菌为海杆菌、盐单胞菌、脱硫盐单胞菌和弯枝菌.主成分分析(PCA)对狮子沟油藏样品实现聚类分组.系统发育分析表明采油井中的微生物主要为生物表活剂生产菌,而注水井中的微生物主要为石油烃降解菌;因此最适MEOR方式为采油井单井吞吐和注水井微生物解堵增注.研究结果有助于在复杂岩性油藏开展MEOR应用.     

胜利油田沾3区块油藏中Geobacillus菌的激活研究

利用16S rRNA克隆文库技术分析胜利油田沾3区块油藏样品的微生物群落结构,使用不同激活剂对沾3区块油藏样品进行内源微生物激活,对激活后样品进行乳化能力、产生表面活性物质能力评价及微生物群落结构分析,并开展物理模拟驱油实验。结果表明:沾3区块油藏样品中含有2%的Geobacillus,该菌是沾3区块油藏内源微生物中产生表面活性物质、发挥乳化功能的关键菌群;加入适宜的激活剂体系可以选择性激活该类细菌,使其成为优势菌;利用选择性激活Geobacillus的配方激活沾3区块油藏内源微生物,可以在水驱基础上提高原油采收率10.8%。     

新疆油田高含水油藏本源微生物驱矿场试验研究

针对新疆克拉玛依油田七中区克上组油藏的地质及开发现状,有选择性的开展了两个井组的本源微生物驱矿场试验,对该油藏开展矿场试验的方案设计、实施及效果跟踪评价进行了详细介绍.矿场试验表明,本源微生物驱油技术能够激活油层中的有益菌群,抑制有害菌群,有效降低原油粘度,改善油水流度比,不仅增油效果显著,自然递减有所减缓,而且能够达到扩大水驱波及体积,提高油藏水驱控制储量,因而具有很大的发展潜力.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-