核电站风险指引设备分级的方法

该文通过大亚湾核电站的实例分析来探讨核电站构筑物、系统及设备(SSC)的风险指引分级方法的可操作性及在执行过程中需考虑的问题,并对实例分析的结果进行讨论,以推动此分级思想的发展。风险指引SSC分级通过定量化的概率风险分析(PSA)、纵深防御分析和敏感性分析3个步骤综合评估设备的安全重要性。实例是以大亚湾核电站辅助给水系统为对象,结果中有33%的“安全相关”设备被划分为低安全重要设备,64%的“非安全相关”设备被划分为高安全重要设备。实例研究表明,此分级方法是一个系统化的、全面的并具可操作性的流程。     

风险指引的核电站设备分级概述

核电站的构筑物、系统及设备(以下简称SSC)的安全分级是核电站各项管理要求和规定的基础。由于传统确定论分级自身的特点,使基于此分级的核安全法规,一方面对设备的处理上存在过度的保守性,另一方面又在某些方面存在不够保守的地方。为了使法规对设备处理要求的规定更趋于合理,因此有了风险指引设备分级思想的产生。美国核管会及一部分业主对此分级思想的前景持肯定态度,并制定了多项相应的法规、标准及导则,同时有少数业主对此分级方法进行了试点性的研究。这些举措都将促进该风险指引设备分级思想的发展。通过总结与此分级相关的背景、方法及案例研究,对比传统分级和风险指引的分级方法之间的异同,阐述风险指引分级的方法论,使读者对风险指引分级思想的现状及发展有一个总体的概念,并对其以后的发展提出一些展望。     

危险源重要度评价及其分级监控管理

基于我国安全现状和现有评价方法的不足,提出危险源重要度评价概念,并介绍此方法的评价思路和依据.选取某化工企业中一个工艺过程进行分析,对第一、第二类危险源及维修方式进行重要度评价,根据分析结果,提出分级控制措施和实施部门,利于资源分配及责任划分.对物的不安全状态单元提出了设备分级维修思想.结果表明:重要度评价方法能够更系统、快捷的对企业危险源进行分级,并划分责任区域和控制措施,提升安全水平.     

旅游地安全风险评价方法研究

旅游地安全风险评价对旅游地规划与管理有着重要的作用。论文从系统理论的角度出发,在旅游地安全风险指标分类及综合分析的基础上,通过运用层次分析法（AHP）对各个评价指标的权重进行计算,并基于此建立了旅游地安全风险的评价模型,通过对各类指标进行量化分级赋值后,提出了旅游地安全风险评价的方法,研究对旅游地规划和管理有着重要指导意义。     

铜冶炼企业安全风险管控信息系统的构建

随着我国经济持续快速发展,铜冶炼工艺及设备不断引进与革新,铜冶炼企业大小事故频发显然无法满足企业安全生产需求.本文以J铜冶炼企业为实例,根据企业现状和实地调研考察,选择适用的风险辨识方法,系统全面辨识整个生产作业过程的安全风险,构建企业安全风险信息数据库,并进行常态化的动态更新管理,确保安全风险信息的有效性.通过企业安全风险信息数据库的应用,结合企业实际需求开发适用性与可操作性强的安全风险管控工具,同时研发安全风险管控信息系统,实现传统安全管理资料与信息系统的对接,在提高企业安全管理水平的同时促进企业信息化管理.     

贵州省喀斯特地区泥石流风险评价方法研究——以威宁县穿洞村沟泥石流为例

从泥石流堆积区的形态特征出发,选取喀斯特地区穿洞村沟泥石流流域为典型实例,深入分析了在喀斯特地区其独特的地理特征下,土壤侵蚀为泥石流过程的产生提供了必要的物源条件.笔者结合遥感影像和野外实地调查,利用GIS的空间分析技术,对研究区的堆积区进行了危险区划分,并对所选评价指标进行分级和赋值,从生命和财产损失两方面得到研究区的易损性评价结果.通过叠加分析,最终完成了研究区的泥石流风险评价.评价结果显示,中、高风险区占总面积的71%,且均为人口房屋的密集区,评价结果与实际调查情况相一致,表明此方法适用于喀斯特地区泥石流风险评价,也为该地区的泥石流防治与减灾规划提供了重要参考和依据.     

轨道交通ATP系统安全完善度等级SIL的分析和研究

论述了安全完善度等级SIL在安全相关系统设计和评估中的重要作用,研究了轨道交通安全相关系统安全完善度等级SIL的定义、分级和确定方法,以轨道交通ATP系统为例,给出了确定ATP系统的安全完善度等级SIL的风险分析模型和方法.     

一种设备停运分析和电网预警新方法

各种原因的设备停运,会使电网的运行拓扑发生变化,从而影响到电网的供电能力和故障承受能力。该文根据电力生产的特点,将设备停运划分为4大集合,然后利用集合运算及逻辑判断的知识提出一种基于计算机辅助分析的设备停运判别方法,接着在此基础上构建了反映停电风险大小的电网风险评估模型,最后就电网预警定级体系的建设进行阐述,并佐以计算实例。该文的目的是希望为提高电网运行风险分析和管控水平而抛砖引玉,为电网安全稳定运行提供高效智能化决策和快速反应能力支撑。     

快递业“双随机、一公开”风险分级监管策略研究

针对快递企业风险水平参差不齐、监管工作平均用力的问题，围绕“双随机、一公开”监管方式，构建监管部门和快递企业的博弈模型，求解纳什均衡，对企业的风险分级特征以及分级监管策略进行分析。结果表明：自身风险水平和未来风险偏好是快递企业重要的风险分级特征，前者表现为违规生产程度，后者表现为贴现因子大小；企业贴现因子高于某一阈值时，才可控制企业的违规行为，且贴现因子与抽查频次成正相关，该阈值与检查覆盖度、行政处罚力度、“一公开”力度成负相关；在纳什均衡下，高风险企业的安全生产概率与抽查比例呈正相关，与检查覆盖度呈负相关；而低风险企业正好相反。最后，提出了针对快递企业风险分级监管的策略建议。     

城市重大危险源区域风险评价研究

旨在以城市重大危险源为主体对象研究出一套科学有效的风险评价方法。通过拓展城市重大危险源的评价技术，提出安全等级“层级叠加”原理，将单独评价拓展为相关耦合评价。研究了城市区域性重大事故风险评价技术及量化方法，以城市地理和城市资源为平台，分析各类灾害发生的可能性，确定种类灾害相对于城市的安全等级，并将其以一定的比例相关系数进行叠加，得到城市安全的综合且近似于实际的安全“图谱”，并综合人口密度分布建立社会风险评价指标，从而对城市危险源进行综合安全规划，并以试点城市为例给出可视化的城市安全等级划分结果。研究工作成     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-