Pb~(2+)胁迫下生物炭对玉米种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响

为了探究重金属胁迫下生物炭对玉米幼苗生长的影响,通过水培盆栽玉米幼苗,在无Pb~(2+)和含Pb~(2+)对照下研究了不同裂解温度制备的生物炭对玉米幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:生物炭滤出液对玉米种子的萌发影响不显著,WS300(300℃生物炭)促进玉米幼苗的干物质量增加了27%,WS500(500℃生物炭)促进玉米幼苗的干物质量增加了35%。在Pb~(2+)胁迫下,不同裂解温度生物炭对培养液中的Pb~(2+)去除率达到了25%～30%,其中PWS300(含Pb~(2+)的300℃生物炭)促进玉米幼苗茎长增加了25%、干物质量增加了30%。可见,生物炭在Pb~(2+)胁迫下对玉米幼苗生长的促进作用有虽所减弱,但依然能明显促进玉米幼苗的早期生长。     

不同热解温度生物炭改良铅和镉污染土壤的研究

 为了探究热解温度对生物炭修复重金属污染土壤的影响,将300℃、500℃和700℃下制备的生物炭加入铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）污染土壤进行培养,检测重金属形态的变化。结果表明,加入生物炭培养60d后,Pb和Cd污染土壤pH值较对照上升0.35—0.86单位值,土壤中重金属的酸可提取态含量下降,残渣态含量上升,对目标重金属生物有效性降低的改良效果700℃>500℃>300℃;在生物炭添加量相同的情况下,复合污染土壤中Pb的残渣态含量比对应单一污染高50.60%—72.79%,而复合污染土壤中Cd的酸可提取态含量较对应单一污染高7.53%—12.99%;热解温度影响生物炭的表面特征和吸附重金属机制,进而影响生物炭改良土壤中目标重金属形态分布。     

生物炭对镉、铅、锌污染土壤上小白菜生长状况的影响

采用500℃限氧热解制备的玉米秸秆生物炭作为改良剂,通过盆栽实验,研究生物炭对Cd、Pb、Zn复合污染土壤上小白菜生长状况的影响。结果表明,不同质量比生物炭配施量对Cd、Pb、Zn污染土壤上小白菜生物量有明显影响,小白菜干重、鲜重均表现为生物炭配施5%(w/w)3%(w/w)0%(w/w)1%(w/w);在土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Zn污染程度较高时,少量生物炭配施并不能明显改善小白菜生长状况;重金属胁迫对小白菜吸收土壤水分可能有重要影响,同时,5%(w/w)相对于3%(w/w)生物炭配施虽然更有利于改善小白菜生长状况,但大量生物炭配施可能会导致土温升高,蒸发加强,对土壤持水能力产生不利影响。     

水稻秸秆生物炭对诺氟沙星的吸附性能研究

以水稻秸秆为原料,在300℃、400℃、500℃和600℃4个温度下制备生物炭,分别利用Boehm滴定、比表面积等方法对其进行表征,并研究了4种生物炭对诺氟沙星的吸附特征。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物炭产率下降,表面碱性官能团数量和比表面积逐渐增加。4种生物炭对诺氟沙星的吸附率为B600B500B400B300,在投加量为0.4 g时,B600和B500的吸附率几乎接近100%,远高于B400和B300。对4种生物炭对诺氟沙星的吸附等温线进行拟合,B600符合Langmuir方程,其余3种符合Freundlich方程。4种生物炭对诺氟沙星的吸附反应过程满足准二级动力学方程,相关系数R20.9887,其中B300对诺氟沙星的吸附速率最大。     

鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附性能研究

以鸡粪为生物质原料,采用热分解法在管式炉中氮气氛围下分别于300、500、700℃温度下及在马弗炉中限氧500℃温度下制备生物炭,采用XRD、SEM和FTIR等对所制备的鸡粪生物炭进行表征,研究不同条件下所制备的鸡粪生物炭对萘吸附特性的影响,并探讨鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附机理。结果表明,鸡粪生物炭具有凹凸不平、不规则表面的无定形炭结构,表面具有—COOH、—OH等多种含氧官能团;随着热解温度的升高,萘在鸡粪生物炭上的吸附量先减小后增加,其中,在700℃热解温度下制备的鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附量最大;鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附过程主要为化学吸附,而且是多层吸附,其中,700℃热解温度下制备的鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附机制主要是疏水作用,而300℃热解温度下制备的鸡粪生物炭对萘的吸附机制主要为分配作用。     

四种原料热解产生的生物炭对Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附特性研究

以木屑、米糠、稻杆、玉米秸杆为原料, 在300, 400, 500, 600和700℃下, 氮气保护的无氧气氛中热解制成生物炭, 探讨不同类型生物炭对水溶液中重金属Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附效果。研究发现, 对于4种生物质原料而言, 在700℃下制备的生物炭对水溶液中Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附效果均优于其他制备温度下获得的生物炭, 其中稻杆生物炭(700℃)吸附容量最高, 对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺分别为126.58和60.61 mg/g。利用X射线荧光光谱、环境扫描电子显微镜、气体吸附仪等方法, 分析700℃下制取的4种生物炭的矿物相元素组成、表面形貌及其比表面积。采用X射线衍射法分析4种生物炭样品在吸附重金属后的矿物相特性, 分析其重金属吸附机理。结果表明, 4种生物炭对Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附均满足Langmuir等温吸附模型, 同时XRD分析显示Pb²⁺和Cd²⁺在生物炭表面以碳酸盐、磷酸盐、硅酸盐和亚硫酸盐形式存在。     

施用生物炭和复合肥对桢楠生长及养分吸收的影响

为促进生物炭在林业生产中的科学应用,采用野外林地试验,设置不施肥(CK)、施用复合肥200 g (F)、稻壳生物炭300 g (RB)、木屑生物炭300 g (WB)、稻壳生物炭300 g+复合肥200 g (RBF)、木屑生物炭300 g+复合肥200 g (WBF)等6种施肥处理,探究不同处理对桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明：与不施肥处理相比,单施稻壳生物炭能显著增加桢楠的叶面积,促进叶对N的吸收;单施木屑生物炭能显著增加桢楠株高增长量、根生物量和叶面积,显著促进叶对N、P的吸收和根对K的吸收,但显著抑制茎对P的吸收。与单施复合肥处理相比,稻壳生物炭与复合肥配施能显著增加桢楠株高增长量、叶面积,促进叶对N的吸收;而木屑生物炭与复合肥配施能显著增加桢楠茎生物量、叶面积,促进根对K的吸收,但显著抑制茎对N的吸收。综上,单施木屑生物炭、木屑生物炭与复合肥配施在一定程度上能促进桢楠的生长和养分吸收,可作为桢楠造林的备选基质。     

低温密封法制备玉米秸秆不同部位生物炭及特性比较

针对玉米秸秆利用困难问题,探索玉米秸秆制备生物炭工艺及其理化性能,采用密封限氧法,以玉米秸秆皮、瓤、根为研究对象,分别在300 ℃/45 min、500 ℃/ 30 min、700 ℃/15 min条件下制备生物炭并分析其特性,包括炭产率、pH值、灰分含量、红外光谱和扫描电镜分析。结果表明：在300~700 ℃时,随温度升高,炭产率降低,热解失重速率先增后减,pH值均升高;相同条件下,生物炭特征吸收峰基本相同,表现为表面官能团总量减少,酸性官能团降低,碱性官能团增加。综合分析,秸秆根生物炭与秸秆瓤、秸秆皮生物炭材料功能性相近,研究结果可为玉米秸秆根部的资源化利用提供理论依据和技术支持。     

植物抗盐剂对盐胁迫玉米幼苗水分代谢的效应

抗盐剂能明显能降低胁迫下玉米幼苗蒸腾速率，减少水分亏缺，增加束缚水／自由水比值，从而改善盐胁迫下组织水分状况，使幼苗保持较高的干物质积累和相对生长速率，为增产奠定了物质基础。     

中药渣生物炭对污染土壤中Cu的修复

以中药渣为原料,采用限氧控温炭化法在300℃和500℃温度下制备生物炭,将其分别加入重金属污染土壤探究其对土壤中Cu的作用效果。土培实验结果表明:施加1%土重的生物炭后土壤中重金属Cu的形态发生迁移,主要是由有效态向残渣态转化,与对照相比,300℃和500℃生物炭培养下残渣态分别提高22.38%和20.11%,土壤中p H、有机质、CEC及碱解氮、速效磷的含量,脲酶、磷酸酶的活性在一定培养时间内有所增加,继而出现下降趋势。土壤阳离子交换量能较好地指示中药渣生物炭对污染土壤中Cu的钝化效果。300℃条件下制备的生物炭优于500℃条件下的生物炭。     

Pretreatment of biomass by torrefaction

Agricultural biomass has some drawbacks such as high moisture content, low energy density and wide distribution and as a result, the cost of transport and storage are high. Moreover, raw biomass has poor grindability so its use in a pulverized boiler or entrained flow gasifier is difficult. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis process carried out at temperatures ranging from 200°C to 300°C to deal with these problems. The cotton stalk and wheat straw were torrefied in a fix-bed reactor at moderate temperatures (200°C, 230°C, 250°C, 270°C and 300°C) under N₂ for 30 min. The biomass chars after torrefaction had higher energy density and improved grindability characteristics compared with raw biomass and they also showed hydrophobic characteristics. The volatiles consist of a condensable fraction and a non-condensable fraction. The former mainly contained water and tar (organic products but mainly acetic acid). The non-condensable products are typically comprised of CO₂, CO and a small amount of CH₄ and even trace H₂. The volatiles increased with an increase in the torrefaction temperature but the solid yield and the energy yield decreased. However, the grindability and energy density of the biomass char showed great improvement. A kinetic study on the generation of the main non-condensable gases was undertaken and we conclude that the gases are formed by parallel independent first-order reactions. Characteristic kinetic parameters for the generation of each gas were determined.     

Synthesis mechanism of LiNiVO4 by wet chemical method and mixed valence of nickel and vanadium

The single phase LiNiVO₄ has been successfully synthesized by adopting a new mild liquid route with oxalic acid as both complexant and precipitant, and this method is named the CPG method. The products were obtained by sintering the dry gel precursor which was prepared by the CPG method at 200—850℃ for 2—10 h in air. The products were tested by XRD, XPS, ESR and TGA-DTA, and the results indicate that the single phase LiNiVO₄ could be obtained at 450℃ for 2—3 h in air and LiNiVO₄ was still steady at 850℃ for 10 h. The valence analyses show that in LiNiVO₄ the valence of lithium is +1, both nickel and vanadium have the mixed valence, namely +2, +3 for nickel and +4, +5 for vanadium respectively. The LiNiVO₄ can be expressed as LiNi³⁺_xNi²⁺_1-xV⁴⁺_xV⁵⁺_1-xO₄ (0≤x<1). The pyrolysis mechanism of the dry gel is also discussed.     

Preparation and thermal stability of zirconia-doped mullite fibers via sol-gel method

The zirconia-doped mullite fibers were prepared via a sol-gel method from aluminum isopropoxide-aluminum nitrate-tetraethyl orthosilicate system.The effects of zirconia doping on the sol spinnability,mullitization,structure and thermal stability of mullite fibers were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results showed that Zr—O—C bond was presented with the involvement of zirconium acetate,which accelerat...     

Carbothermal synthesis of Si3N4 powders using a combustion synthesis precursor

Si₃N₄ powders were synthesized by a carbothermal reduction method using a SiO₂ + C combustion synthesis precursor derived from a mixed solution consisting of silicic acid (Si source), polyacrylamide (additive), nitric acid (oxidizer), urea (fuel), and glucose (C source). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the obtained precursor exhibited a uniform mixture of SiO₂ + C composed of porous blocky particles up to ～20 μm. The precursor was subsequently calcined under nitrogen at 1200–1550°C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the initial reduction reaction started at about 1300°C, and the complete transition of SiO₂ into Si₃N₄ was found at 1550°C. The Si₃N₄ powders, synthesized at 1550°C, exhibit a mixture phase of α- and β-Si₃N₄ and consist of mainly agglomerates of fine particles of 100–300 nm, needle-like crystals and whiskers with a diameter of about 100 nm and a length up to several micrometers, and a minor amount of irregular-shaped growths.     

Thermal behavior of zirconia-dop ed mullite gel fibers

The zirconia-doped mullite gel fibers were prepared via a sol-gel method.The thermal behaviors of the gel fibers during pyrolysis were investigated by means of thermal gravitydifferential scanning calo...     

不同热解温度下杨树各组分生物质炭的理化特性分析与评价

【目的】通过对不同热解温度下杨树树叶、树枝、树皮生物质炭和秸秆生物质炭的理化特性及结构进行分析,筛选出更适用于林地土壤改良的农林废弃物种类和热解温度。【方法】以杨树不同组分树叶、树枝、树皮和秸秆等4种农林废弃物为原料,分别在300、500和700 ℃温度下制备生物质炭,测定其产率、pH、全碳、全氮含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、比表面积和表面官能团等指标。【结果】随着热解温度的升高,4种原料生物质炭的产率逐渐降低,灰分含量和pH升高。同一热解温度下,树枝和树皮生物质炭的全碳含量高于树叶和秸秆生物质炭的,而全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)含量均低于树叶和秸秆生物质炭的。4种生物质炭水溶性盐基离子含量和交换性盐基离子含量均随着热解温度的升高而增加,树叶生物质炭的阳离子交换量总体高于其他3种原料的生物炭。树叶和树皮生物质炭的比表面积和总孔容积总体大于树枝和秸秆生物质炭,树皮和树叶生物质炭在700 ℃时比表面积分别高达597.02和121.01 m²/g。4种原料生物质炭的表面官能团种类基本相同,以芳香骨架为主,表面官能团数量均随着热解温度的升高而减少,芳香化程度增强。【结论】在不同热解温度和原料制备的生物质炭中,树叶和秸秆生物质炭的灰分、pH、N、K和盐基离子含量较高,比较适用于改良酸性土壤,增加土壤养分;而杨树树枝和树皮生物质炭含碳量较高,则适用于土壤固碳,提高土壤有机质含量。其中,500 ℃热解的杨树树叶生物质炭综合性能最好,氮、磷、钾养分耗失最少,阳离子交换能力较强,比表面积大,更适用于土壤改良。     

Seed priming with chitosan improves maize germination and seedling growth in relation to physiological changes under low temperature stress

Low temperature stress during germination and early seedling growth is an important constraint of global production of maize. The effects of seed priming with 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75% (w/v) chitosan solutions at 15 °C on the growth and physiological changes were investigated using two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines, HuangC (chilling-tolerant) and Mo17 (chilling-sensitive). While seed priming with chitosan had no significant effect on germination percentage under low temperature stress, it enhanced germination index, reduced the mean germination time (MGT), and increased shoot height, root length, and shoot and root dry weights in both maize lines. The decline of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative permeability of the plasma membrane and the increase of the concentrations of soluble sugars and proline, peroxidase (POD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity were detected both in the chilling-sensitive and chilling-tolerant maize seedlings after priming with the three concentrations of chitosan. HuangC was less sensitive to responding to different concentrations of chitosan. Priming with 0.50% chitosan for about 60~64 h seemed to have the best effects. Thus, it suggests that seed priming with chitosan may improve the speed of germination of maize seed and benefit for seedling growth under low temperature stress.     

水肥耦合对郑单958干物质积累与氮素转运的影响

为了给河南地区夏玉米在水肥管理方面提供理论依据,以郑单958为实验材料,用田间试验方法研究了不同水肥条件下,玉米在各生育期内干物质与氮素的积累规律.结果表明:投入氮肥可以使干物质及氮素的积累量增加,但是增加不是没有限制的,当水分不足时,过多的氮肥反而会造成干物质及氮素积累量的下降,氮肥偏生产力及氮收获指数也符合这个规律.因此,肥料用量在配合适当水分的条件下,不仅能有效地促进氮素的吸收、累积,而且能够提高氮素在籽粒中的分配比例,从而有利于玉米高产的形成.     

改性生物炭对镉离子吸附性能研究

以废弃松木屑为原料采用热分解法制备生物炭,并以氨气、硝酸、硫化钠和溴水4种化学试剂分别对其进行表面改性。采用BET、FTIR和Bohem滴定等技术对改性前后的生物炭进行表征,研究溶液pH值、初始溶液Cd2+浓度、吸附时间等因素对Cd2+吸附特性的影响,并探讨改性生物炭的吸附机理。结果表明,改性生物炭具有较大的比表面积、发达的孔结构和多种表面官能团;在一定范围内,随溶液pH值的增大、Cd2+浓度的升高、吸附时间的延长,改性生物炭对Cd2+的去除率逐渐提高,其中氨气改性生物炭对Cd2+的吸附效果最优,在溶液pH值为6、初始溶液Cd2+浓度为50mg/L、生物炭加入量为2g/L、吸附时间为6h时,氨气改性生物炭对Cd2+的吸附容量可达12.3mg/g;拟二级动力学方程和等温吸附模型均能较好地描述改性生物炭对Cd2+的吸附过程,其中氨气改性生物炭的Langmuir与Freundlich吸附常数最大。