微型燃料电池设计与三维数值模拟分析

以一反应面积2.5 cm 2利用微机电制程蚀刻流场板之微型质子交换膜燃料电池为研究对象,利用CFD-ACE+软件仿真燃料电池电化学反应分析微型燃料电池内部质子交换膜电化学反应分布情形,三维数值仿真电池性能与实验测试数据相互验证。三维模型仿真分析2个不同气体流量电流密度、温度、水和水含量于质子交换膜上的分布情形。结果表明：微型燃料电池内部温度分布受质子交换膜上气态水分布所影响,当操作电压定在0.4 V时,质子交换膜上较低的气体流量会有较佳的电化学反应,因此会有较均匀的电流密度分布,而质子交换膜上水亦较多且均匀分布,产生较低且较均匀的温度分布,仿真结果阐明微型燃料电池内部物理现象。     

进气相对湿度对变载工况下PEMFC电堆性能的影响

为了探究进气相对湿度对质子交换膜燃料电池电堆变载工况性能的影响,设计了一个动态循环工况,包括电流密度从0.10到0.35 A/cm²、从0.10到1.00 A/cm²的2种阶跃工况和电流密度分别为0.10、0.35、1.00 A/cm²的稳定工况,进行了相对湿度分别为20%、30%、50%、70%、80%的5组试验.结果表明：恒流状态时,电堆在不同电流密度下对相对湿度的敏感性不同,在大电流密度下相对湿度对电堆性能影响较大;变载过程中,电堆电压出现下冲和过冲现象,加载过程的电压下冲量与变载幅度和相对湿度有关,电堆单电池电压一致性变差,电压一致性与进气相对湿度有关.     

基于BP神经网络的燃料电池发动机温度模型

燃料电池堆的热特性对燃料电池整体性能和寿命有重要影响,电堆温度特性具有不确定性和非线性,本文利用BP神经网络建立了电堆温度模型,并通过实测数据分析了神经网络模型的特性,研究结果表明,神经网络可以用于电堆温度模型的建立,为质子交换膜燃料电池电堆的建模与控制提供了一条可供参考的途径.     

燃料电池电堆停机吹扫及低温冷启动性能的试验研究

搭建了燃料电池电堆吹扫及低温冷启动测试系统,研究燃料电池停机吹扫电堆初始温度、吹扫时间、吹扫气体等因素对电堆欧姆阻值的影响,研究不同初始含水量对低温冷启动性能的影响.试验结果表明,初始温度越高,电堆欧姆阻值升高越快;相比于单侧气体吹扫,氢气和空气同时吹扫是燃料电池最优的气体吹扫方式;适当降低质子交换膜燃料电池初始含水量有利于减少启动时间,改善启动性能.     

重力倾角对PEMFC电堆性能的影响

通过改变质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)电堆的倾斜角度,研究重力倾角θ对大面积PEMFC电堆性能的影响.对应不同的重力倾角,分别改变反应气体空气和氢气的进气方式,考察电堆性能的变化.结果显示:优化重力倾角能够大幅度提高PEMFC电堆的性能,当电堆倾斜放置、反应气体由高的一端流向低的一端时,电堆性能优于反应气体由低的一端流向高的一端;若反应气体均由高的一端流向低的一端,则倾斜角度越大,电堆性能越好,电堆竖直放置时(θ=90°)获得最大的输出功率;若反应气体均由低的一端流向高的一端,则倾斜角度越大,电堆的性能越差,平行放置时(θ=0°)电堆的性能最佳.     

高温质子交换膜燃料电池电堆端板拓扑优化

以实现高温质子交换膜燃料电池单电池内部接触压力的均匀性与电堆内单电池之间接触压力的一致性为目的,建立了一种具有非线性接触边界条件的高温质子交换膜燃料电池电堆端板的拓扑优化模型.通过研究在一定工作温度下装配荷载对电堆内部接触压力的影响,并综合考虑端板的质量与制造难度,构建了一种适用于燃料电池电堆的简化模型.从基于热力耦合的有限元法出发,对燃料电池端板进行以最小质量为目标、最大应力为约束的拓扑优化,并在综合考虑结构形状与拓扑结果的基础上建立端板的几何模型.结果表明,拓扑优化得到的端板结构使电堆内部具有更均匀的接触压力,因此拓扑优化可以为端板的结构设计提供理论参考.     

操作参数对PEMFC性能的影响

通过实验研究三通道蛇形非对称流场的质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)运行温度、气体加湿温度、空气流量、H2流量以及燃料电池工作压力等操作参数对PEMFC性能的影响。结果表明:燃料电池温度保持在333～343K,加湿温度与电池温度相同时,电池性能达到最佳状态;质子交换膜燃料电池中O2的还原反应是影响整个燃料电池放电性能的一个关键因素;工作压力为2.026×105Pa左右时电池的性能最佳。     

质子交换膜燃料电池空压机系统与能流分析

首先,从质子交换膜燃料电池电堆阴极的需求对空压机出口压力、流量进行理论分析;然后,根据能量守恒原则从整体上对质子交换膜燃料电池供气系统中双螺杆压缩机的能流进行分析。通过分析可知:空气供给系统电机的控制与电机特性、压缩机特性、电机的转速、电堆控制输出对象均密切相关。     

45kW质子交换膜燃料电池发动机建模与仿真

建立了较为完整的包括电堆、反应气体供应以及水热管理3个主要模块的45 kW级质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)发动机数学模型.电堆电压模型引入了误差补偿项,提高了电压计算精度,并通过实验数据得到验证.选取冷却液入堆温度、空气过量系数和阴极入口空气压力为系统的操控变量,在给定电流密度下进行了电堆相关性能对操控变量的敏感性分析.仿真结果表明,为了获得较好的系统输出性能,应适当降低冷却液入堆温度,提高阴极入口空气压力;为了保持合理的电堆温度,必须有效控制该系统的水热管理系统.     

Ca2+对质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)长期运行过程中,其部件因损伤产生的杂质金属离子对燃料电池的电化学性能有重要影响。模拟PEMFC中Ca2+污染燃料电池工况,研究了Ca2+对PEMFC电化学性能的影响。实验结果表明:随着污染时间的增加,燃料电池性能逐渐衰减,当污染时间超过9 h,电池电压急剧降低;在高电流密度区(电流密度>400 mA/cm2),电压衰减最明显。在500 mA/cm2电流密度下恒电流放电2 h后,电压降低了41%。Ca2+的存在及其积累对质子交换膜燃料电池有明显的毒化作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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