应力引起的CuAlNi单晶β1→γ1′马氏体相变的实验

在所有发现的形状记忆合金中 ,铜基形状记忆合金的力学性能稳定、生产成本低、加工性能好 ,因此已引起许多研究人员的重视 .据此利用X射线衍射法得到了CuAlNi单晶试样在拉伸方向的晶向 ;运用高分辨率的云纹干涉技术 ,获得了应力引起的CuAlNi单晶形状记忆合金 β1→γ′1相变时的变形场 .相变过程中能清楚地观察到马氏体和奥氏体以及它们界面的移动 .同时云纹干涉法还能够定量得到形状记忆合金相变时马氏体区域和奥氏体区域的应变     

NiMnGa单晶应力作用下界面运动的金相观察和能量损耗

金相观察了Ni53.2Mn22.6Ga24.2单晶样品应力诱发马氏体相变和中间马氏体相变过程中微观结构的变化.实验发现,在单轴应力作用下,马氏体相变和中间马氏体相变的变体重取向的机制不同,马氏体相变生成的变体的重取向是通过孪晶界移动的方式实现的,而中间马氏体相变生成的变体是处于择优取向的变体以逐渐长大的方式完成的.依据应力-应变曲线计算了应力加载和卸载过程的储能、输出功和能耗,结果表明储能、输出功和能耗随形变温度的升高而增大,但在更高的形变温度能耗反而减小.     

Fe-Mn-Si基合金中ε马氏体逆相变的内耗

利用音频内耗仪测试了Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｓｉ基形状记忆合金热诱发马氏体、一般应力诱发马氏体和热－机械训练后的应力诱发马氏体的逆相变过程．结果表明，热诱发马氏体的逆相变在４００～５００Ｋ完成；经训练后的应力诱发马氏体逆相变开始温度与热诱发马氏体逆相变开始温度相近，但高于一般应力诱发马氏体的逆相变开始温度；一般应力诱发马氏体的逆相变温度低于热马氏体的逆相变温度，随应变量的增加，Ａｓ降低     

温度对Cu-Zn-Al合金的伪弹性和形状记忆效应的影响

在拉力试验机上用电测法测绘了Cu-Zn-Al合金在马氏体相变点上下各温度的σ-ε曲线,所得主要结果如下:(1)试样在M_s与M_d之间加载,随着温度升高,诱发马氏体相变所需临界应力增大,且加载温度与临界应力之间存在着线性关系;(2)在A_f点以上加载,理论上可获得完全的伪弹性,但加载温度过高或应变量过大,均会损害伪弹性;(3)试样在M_s点上下温度区域变形,得到的伪弹性回复和形状记忆回复之和在80%以上,但在M_s点附近总回复量出现一极小值,且伪弹性回复在M_f点以下又有所回升。     

Fe-Mn-Si基合金中ε马氏体逆相变的内耗

利用音频内耗仪测试了Fe-Mn-Si基形状记忆合金热诱发马氏体、一般应力诱发马氏体和热-机械训练后的应力诱发马氏体的逆相变过程.结果表明，热诱发马氏体的逆相变在400～500K完成；经训练后的应力诱发马氏体逆相变开始温度与热诱发马氏体逆相变开始温度相近，但高于一般应力诱发马氏体的逆相变开始温度；一般应力诱发马氏体的逆相变温度低于热马氏体的逆相变温度，随应变量的增加，A     

缺口根半径对NiTi形状记忆合金缺口前应力-应变分布和马氏体相转变的影响

用有限元法(FEM),计算不同缺口根半径的NiTi形状记忆合金紧凑拉伸试样在加载-卸载单次循环载荷下缺口前的应力-应变分布和马氏体体积分数.计算表明:4个特征载荷,即加载时缺口尖端A向M转变开始和结束时的载荷以及逆转变M向A转变开始和结束时的载荷,均随着缺口根半径的增加而增大.在相同特征载荷下,缺口前端区的最大正应力yσy和等效应变ε以及相应于马氏体相变的应力平台的长度均随着缺口根半径的增加而增大.缺口前端的马氏体体积分数随着到缺口尖端距离的增加逐渐下降,在特征载荷下,随着根半径增加,马氏体体积分数增加,发生马氏体相转变的区域增大.     

预应变对应力诱发ε马氏体正逆相变的影响

利用电阻测量方法，研究了Fe-25.39Mn-4.86Si-5.43Cr-0.049N（质量分数，％）合金预应变对应力诱发马氏体相变量及其逆相变温度的影响。结果表明，应力诱发马氏体的逆相变温度比其热马氏体的逆相变温度高，并随形变量的增加而增加；热循环处理可有效降低应力诱发马氏体的逆相变温度。选择合适的形变量，将可获得最佳的形状回复率。     

铁磁形状记忆合金NiMnGa相界面运动的能量和热滞后

基于热力学理论，结合实验测量数据，计算了相变温度分别在室温以下、室温附近、室温以上3种情况下铁磁形状记忆合金NiMnGa单晶马氏体相变过程中的相关能量，并进行了分析．结果进一步表明：相变循环曲线分支的斜率取决于弹性应变能，而相变热滞后起源于相界面摩擦．     

Ni51Mn25．5Ga23．5单晶大的自发相变应变和磁感生应变

通过交流磁化率、电阻、有无磁场下的马氏体相变应变测量,研究了Ni51Mn25．5Ga23．5单晶的马氏体相变和磁感生应变特性。伴随马氏体相变,该单晶展现出一个应变量高达-1．62％的自发双向形状记忆效应。采用磁场下冷却的方法,在材料的马氏体相获得了一个量值高达-1．5％且可逆的磁感生应变,该值近似为零场下冷却测量得到的磁感生应变的2倍。根据单晶生长机制和NiMnGa合金形状记忆特性,对上述结果进行了讨论。     

用于智能材料与结构的NiTi丝的电阻特性研究

研究了拉伸过程中,ＮｉＴｉ形状记忆合金丝的应变与电阻的关系．结果表明,对于初始组织为马氏体的ＮｉＴｉ丝,在拉伸过程中,电阻与应变之间成线性关系．对于初始组织为奥氏体或奥氏马氏体两者混合的ＮｉＴｉ丝,当发生应力诱发马氏体相变后,曲线的斜率降低,相变前后电阻－应变保持线性关系．对于初始组织含有Ｒ相组织的ＮｉＴｉ丝,在拉伸过程中,电阻的变化规律较为复杂,取决于初始组织中各相的比例和温度．在卸载阶段,当没有相变过程发生时,电阻－应变之间呈线性关系;当有相变过程发生时,电阻－应变曲线的斜率会发生改变．     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of C-Mn-Cr-Nb and C-Mn-Si-Nb ultra-high strength dual-phase steels

The microstructures and mechanical properties of C-Mn-Cr-Nb and C-Mn-Si-Nb ultra-high strength dual-phase steels were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and tensile test. The results show that Si can promote the transformation of austenite (γ) to ferrite (α), enlarge the (α+γ) region, and increase the aging stability of martensite by inhibiting carbide precipitation. Adding Cr leads to the formation of retained austenite and martensite/austenite (M/A) constituents, as well as the decomposition of martensite during the overaging stage. Both of the steels show higher initial strain-hardening rates and two-stage strain-hardening characteristics. The C-Mn-Si-Nb steel shows the higher strain-hardening rate than the C-Mn-Cr-Nb steel in the first stage; however, there is no significant difference in the second stage. Although the tensile strength and elongation of the two steels both exceed 1000 MPa and 15%, respectively, the comprehensive mechanical properties of the C-Mn-Si-Nb steel are superior.     

一种新的超弹性形状记忆合金本构模型

Graesser模型以应力-应变增率形式表述了形状记忆合金(SMA)本构关系,具有形式简单、能反映SMA动态力学特性的优点;但忽略了加载路径对模型参数的影响,造成预测误差.依据超弹性SMA的拉伸试验结果,在Graesser模型基础上提出了改进模型:将滞回曲线分为加荷阶段、卸荷至马氏体逆相变完成阶段、母相弹性卸荷阶段三部分,每部分采用各自的参数.数值模拟比较表明:改进模型能很好地捕捉超弹性SMA在静荷下的应力-应变特征,在一定程度上反映加荷速率对其滞回性的影响,且较Graesser模型具有更高的预测精度.     

淬火回火低碳合金钢亚温退火过程中奥氏体的形成

本文研究了原始组织分别为“回火马氏体”和“回火冷轧马氏体”的10Mn CrNi Mo V钢亚温退火过程中奥氏体的形成。研究结果表明:奥氏体形成是形核和长大的过程。奥氏体优先在位于铁素体晶界和铁素体板条界上的碳化物处形核。奥氏体长大,在较低的亚温退火温度下,由晶界扩散控制,而在较高的亚温退火温度下,则由体积扩散所控制。亚温退火过程中发生锰的再分配,在奥氏体/铁素体界面上锰浓度有极大值,而在邻近的铁素体中的锰浓度有极小值,它减慢奥氏体的长大速度并控制显微组织的均匀化。奥氏体形态对原始组织很敏感,当原始组织为“回火马氏体”时,奥氏体为纤维状和半网状的混合形态;当原始组织为“回火冷轧马氏体”时,奥氏体为等轴状。     

Effect of microstructure on the impact toughness of a bainitic steel bloom for large plastic molds

The correlation between the impact toughness and microstructural characteristics of a large bainitic steel bloom has been investigated. The study focuses on microcrack nucleation and propagation in the basic cleavage plane. To analyze the phase transformation during the wind-cooling process, the temperature field of the bloom was acquired by computer simulation, and a continuous cooling transformation experiment was conducted. The results show that compared with the surface of the bloom, the toughness of the bloom’s core is decreased by the increase in proeutectoid ferrite and the coarsening of tempered martensite–austenite constituents. The proeutectoid ferrite decreases the toughness via its effects on carbide precipitation, the formation of martensite–austenite constituents, and the bainite transformation. The relatively large tempered martensite–austenite constituents are conducive to microcrack nucleation and propagation.     

预应力时效性对磨削强化表面应力的影响

为了获得不同预应力卸载时间的磨削硬化层残余应力值及马氏体含量,进行了预应力淬硬磨削实验.对预应力磨削进行仿真,得到了工件表层的温度变化情况及预应力卸载时间对表面机械热应力的影响.结合实验数据和仿真模拟,讨论了预应力时效性对相变和相变应力的影响.结果表明:在7s内,预应力具有一定的时效性;随着卸载时间的增加,晶体内部晶界伸长,马氏体含量有所增加,加工表面残余压应力增加.     

Effect of initial microstructure on austenite formation kinetics in high-strength experimental microalloyed steels

Austenite formation kinetics in two high-strength experimental microalloyed steels with different initial microstructures compris-ing bainite–martensite and ferrite–martensite/austenite microconstituents was studied during continuous heating by dilatometric analysis. Austenite formation occurred in two steps:(1) carbide dissolution and precipitation and (2) transformation of residual ferrite to austenite. Di-latometric analysis was used to determine the critical temperatures of austenite formation and continuous heating transformation diagrams for heating rates ranging from 0.03°C×s?1 to 0.67°C×s?1. The austenite volume fraction was fitted using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation to determine the kinetic parameters k and n as functions of the heating rate. Both n and k parameters increased with increasing heat-ing rate, which suggests an increase in the nucleation and growth rates of austenite. The activation energy of austenite formation was deter-mined by the Kissinger method. Two activation energies were associated with each of the two austenite formation steps. In the first step, the austenite growth rate was controlled by carbon diffusion from carbide dissolution and precipitation;in the second step, it was controlled by the dissolution of residual ferrite to austenite.     

Effects of aging treatment on the microstructure and superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu<Subscript>71</Subscript>Al<Subscript>18</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>11</Subscript> shape memory alloy

The effect of aging treatment on the superelasticity and martensitic transformation critical stress in columnar-grained Cu₇₁Al₁₈Mn₁₁ shape memory alloy (SMA) at the temperature ranging from 250°C to 400°C was investigated. The microstructure evolution during the aging treatment was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the plate-like bainite precipitates distribute homogeneously within austenitic grains and at grain boundaries. The volume fraction of bainite increases with the increase in aging temperature and aging time, which substantially improves the martensitic transformation critical stress of the alloy, whereas the bainite only slightly affects the superelasticity. This behavior is attributed to a coherent relationship between the bainite and the austenite, as well as to the bainite and the martensite exhibiting the same crystal structure. The variations of the martensitic transformation critical stress and the superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu₇₁Al₁₈Mn₁₁ SMA with aging temperature and aging time are described by the Austin–Rickett equation, where the activation energy of bainite precipitation is 77.2 kJ·mol?1. Finally, a columnar-grained Cu₇₁Al₁₈Mn₁₁ SMA with both excellent superelasticity (5%–9%) and high martensitic transformation critical stress (443–677 MPa) is obtained through the application of the appropriate aging treatments.     

Ge含量对Fe—24%Mn合金γ→ε马氏体转变的影响

通过X射线衍射（XRD）、拉伸性能的测定,分析了Ge对Fe-24%Mn形状记忆合金γ相点阵参数和马氏体转变的影响。发现随着Ge含量的上升,Fe-24%Mn合金γ相点阵参数增大,Fe-24%Mn合金的γ→ε马氏体相变有明显抑制作用,γ奥氏体相趋于稳定,合金的拉抻强度和屈服强度逐步降低,塑性上升。尽管Ge与Si具有相同的外层电子结构,且原子半径都比Fe小,但两者对奥氏体的点阵参数影响完全相反,Si降低γ相点阵参数能促进γ→ε马氏体相变,Ge增加γ相的点阵参数却抑制相变。     

加卸载下原煤力学特性及渗透演化规律

基于自主研发的煤岩热流固耦合试验系统,在考虑实际开采方式的条件下,进行轴压升高和围压降低的加卸载试验,分析研究不同加卸载速率下原煤的力学特性和渗透演化规律.结果表明:加卸载过程中,轴向应力的加载速率越大,峰值应力附近的曲线平台越长,峰值应力、轴向应变和环向应变也越大,体应变则越小.不同加卸载速率比下含瓦斯煤变形模量均先迅速减小后缓慢减小,到破坏时再迅速降低,而后逐渐保持稳定趋势;在相同轴向应变时,加卸载速率比越小,煤样的变形模量越大.加卸载过程中,煤样的偏应力、渗透率与应变的关系可分为三个阶段:初始压密与弹性阶段、屈服破坏阶段和破坏后阶段.加卸载速率比越小,煤样达到峰值应力时,含瓦斯煤的渗透率和体积变形越大.